postsynaptic potential in the neuron is enough to pass the threshold for firing. There are two types of summation‚ spatial summation and temporal summation. Both types of summation are similar in that they work to strengthen the EPSP of a neuron‚ meaning they help create more postsynaptic potential so that neurons are more likely to fire. Spatial summation and temporal summation also both use an additive effect to help neurons reach the threshold to fire. The additive effect is when more action potential
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in the membranes of cells due to the presence of neurotransmitters that alter the ionic concentration inside the cell. Moreover‚ inside the neuron proteins and ions are negatively charged . This difference in ion concentration also produces a potential difference between the outer membrane and within the cell . The value reached is about -70 millivolts (negative inside with respect to the value of positive charges outside ) . This variation between the exterior and interior is achieved by the
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Neuronal signaling in muscle contraction is triggered when an action potential reaches the neuromuscular junction. At this junction‚ acetylcholine (ACh) is the main neurotransmitter. Packaged in vesicles‚ ACh fuses with the neuron’s membrane and is released into the synaptic cleft. ACh diffuses toward the motor end plate and bind to the neurotransmitter receptor on it. The muscle fiber is then triggered to produce an action potential of its own that spreads through the muscle’s T-tubules. The sarcoplasmic
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Muscle Tissue 1. How is muscle tissue categorized? Muscle tissue is categorized by its shape‚ the number of nuclei‚ and the mechanism of stimulation. 2. a. Click the Smooth Muscle Tissue. Identify each of the following: Nucleus----- Smooth Fiber Muscle------------------ b. Describe smooth muscle control (voluntary or involuntary). Involuntary c. Name some smooth muscle functions (click the “Tissue Locations” button). Smooth
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electrochemical process. Neurons pass neurotransmitters through the dendrites‚ which are attached to the ends of each neuron and receive messages from neighboring neurons. The chemical messages that are passed from one neuron to the next cause an action potential. This occurs when the receiving neuron accepts the right amount of the correct message. Once the message is received‚ the neuron will then send neurotransmitters to the next neuron through the axon. After the neurotransmitters pass through the
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addition of NaCl in the ECF elicit an action potential? With the addition of more Na ions it increases the concentration of Na ions outside the cell. The driving force of the action potential is the increase in the concentration gradient because of the increase of Na ions outside the cell. 4. General anesthetics such as ether and chloroform open K+ gated-channels in the brain. What would be the effect of inhaled ether on the generation of action potentials in neurons in the brain of a rat exposed
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neuronal action potentials. Sodium channels open‚ increase of sodium INTO cell. Phase 1- sodium channels close‚ potassium channels close‚ decrease in potassium and sodium. Calcium channels open‚ increase of calcium into cell. Phase 2- Plateau phase‚ membrane still depolarized (contract). Potassium channels closed‚ L-type calcium channels stay open. Lasts 0.2 seconds/200 milliseconds. Phase 3- second set of potassium channels open‚ potassium decrease. Failing membrane potential cause calcium
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conducts information from the soma to the terminal buttons. Information travels along the axon in the form of an electric charge called the action potential. terminal buttons Tiny bulblike structures at the end of the axon‚ which contain neurotransmitters that carry the neuron’s message into the synapse. action potential vs. resting potential action potential The nerve impulse caused by a charge in the electrical charge across the cell membrane of the axon. When the neuron "fires"‚ this charge
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Chapter 48 Nervous Systems Lecture Outline Overview: Command and Control Center The human brain contains an estimated 1011 (100 billion) neurons. Each neuron may communicate with thousands of other neurons in complex information-processing circuits. Recently developed technologies can record brain activity from outside the skull. One technique is functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)‚ which reconstructs a 3-D map of the subject’s brain activity. The results of brain imaging and other
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This allows the nerve impulse to travel much faster. If the myelin sheath were missing‚ the nerve impulse would travel at a much slower speed. d) What is d? Explain what happens when an action potential reaches d. The structures labeled d are synaptic knobs. When an action potential reaches the knobs‚ they release neurotransmitters that carry the signal across the synapse. These neurotransmitters usually work by binding to receptor proteins in the membrane of the receiving neuron
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