Muscle contractions tend to be smooth and vary in strengths‚ depending on the demands placed on them. The variations of strength are called graded muscle responses. There are two ways a muscle contraction can be graded‚ either by changing the frequency of stimulation or by changing the strength of the stimulation. When a muscle is responding to a change in stimulus frequency‚ the nervous system will reach a greater muscular force when increasing the firing of motor neurons. This causes a wave or
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1. Why do we need a cardiovascular system? Because we need to get oxygen through our system. 2. Make sure you know which circuits the left and right heart pump into (pulmonary or systemic). Also know the status of blood (fully oxygenated or not) at -the aorta: Left‚systematic‚ and fully oxygenated. -a pulmonary vein: Left side‚ pulmonary‚ and fully oxygenated. Goes from the right side of the body(heart) into the (left) pulmonary veins then goes to the left atrium then to the left ventricle then
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organelles within the membrane. | Carries required nutrients like salts‚ minerals and organic molecules. Cytoplasmic streaming. | Cytoskeleton | Both | Network of thin fibres made of microtubules (hollow tubes) and microfilaments (threads made of protein actin). | Support system for organelles. Maintains the shape of the cell. | Vacuoles | Both | Plants have a large central vacuole. Animal cells have smaller ones. | Used to store nutrients and water in the cell. | Vesicles | Both | Similar structure
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Muscular System: Muscle Metabolism 1. List the three roles of ATP in muscle contraction: 1. _Energize the power stroke of the myosin cross bridge. 2. _Disconnecting the myosin head from the binding site on actin at the conclusion of a power stroke. 3. _Energizing the calcium ion pump. 2. The potential energy in ATP is released when the terminal high-energy bond is broken by a process called hydrolysis. Write the end products of this process: ATP (+ H2O) (
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form? What is the membrane that surrounds an individual muscle cell? How are smooth and skeletal muscles alike and different? Explain how ATP functions in Rigor Mortis. What are the roles if the following structures: troponin‚ tropomyosin‚ actin‚ myosin‚ ADP‚ Pi‚ ATP‚ Ca+2‚ acetylcholine‚ acetyl cholinesterase‚ Na channels‚ Potassium channels‚ sodium/potassium exchanger‚ neuromuscular junction‚ T-tubules‚ sarcoplasmic reticulum‚ sarcolemma. (obviously you should know where these are located
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LABORATORY REPORT Activity 2: Twitch Contractions and Summation PREDICTIONS Effect of Muscle Fiber Length on Contraction 1. As muscle fiber length increases: contraction force increases‚ becoming maximum at an optimal length‚ then decreasing at longer lengths. Effect of Stimulation Frequency on Contraction 2. As the frequency of stimulation increases‚ the force of contraction: increases. MATERIALS AND METHODS Measurement of Threshold Stimulus 1. Dependent Variable: contraction force
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Latin English diathroses Freely moving joints such as knuckles are called synarthrose Skull sutures and other immovable joints are called synovial fluid The lubricant in the joint cavity of a diarthrosis is called tendon sheath A long tubular bursa enclosing a tendon is called range of motion The maximum angle through which a joint can move is called resistance arm The part of a lever from the fulcrum to the resistance is called fulcrum ‚ effort In the elbow‚ a third-class lever‚ the ____
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NEURONAL DIVERSITY - Categories of neurons of CNS: 1. Afferent/ sensory neurons – convey information from periphery to CNS 2. Motor- sends commands to muscles and glands 3. Interneurons – most abundant signalling elements in the CNS ( process information locally or convey information from one region of CNS to another • Types: a. Local interneurons/ internuncial neurons/ local circuit neurons – short axon Golgi type II (greatly outnumber type I in CNS)
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movement and heads towards the negative terminal of the microtubule. Before the 1940’s‚ actin and myosin based-system was considered responsible for all forms of motility shown by a eukaryotic cell. In 1945‚ the first account of myosin-like ATPase was recorded by Engelhard. The ATPase was named “spermosin” from bull sperm flagella. After this report many researchers examined the presence of myosin and actin in flagella and cilia. The breakthrough in the field happened during the 1960’s. Gibbons
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The muscle physiology of skeletal muscle was observed by using electrical‚ physical‚ and neural stimulations of an isolated gastrocnemius muscle from Rana pipiens. The gastrocnemius receives signals from the action potentials of the sciatic nerve. The muscle contraction is caused by the binding of a neurotransmitter once the action potential reaches the neuromuscular junction. Stimulation of the muscle and the sciatic nerve allows for recording and measuring of these properties. We observed twitch
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