common goal by accepting inputs and producing outputs in an organized transformation process. Such a system (sometimes called a dynamic system) has three basic interacting components or functions: • Input involves capturing and assembling elements that enter the system to be processed. For example‚ raw materials‚ energy‚ data‚ and human efforts must be secured and organized for processing. • Processing involves transformation process that convert input into output. Examples are a manufacturing
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Computing hardware is a platform for information processing. History of computing | Hardware | * Hardware before 1960 * Hardware 1960s to present * Hardware in Soviet Bloc countries | Computer science | * Artificial intelligence * Compiler construction * Computer science * Operating systems * Programming languages * Software engineering | Modern concepts | * Graphical user interface * Internet * Personal computers * Laptops * Video games * World
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CONTROL DEVICES Switch Abbreviations NO (Normally Open) and NC (Normally Closed) represent the electrical state of this switch contacts when the switch is not actuated. Manually Operated Switches - Switch is controlled by hand. - Forms of switches i) Toggle switch (Types of switches:- ➢ Single Pole Single Throw (SPST) ➢ Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT) ➢ Double Pole Single Throw (DPST) ➢ Double Pole Double Throw (DPDT) ( Electrical ratings
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History of Computers Table of Contents Table of Contents . .2 Abstract . 3 Body of Research .4 - 6 Conclusion . 7 Bibliography ..8 Abstract This project explains the history of computers‚ starting from Howard Aiken’s Harvard Mark I to present day time. Although I have not gone over all of the models in my report‚ I have chosen those which I feel have had the greatest effect on the computer world. I will show how in just forty years‚ computers
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of Operating Systems Table of contents Page 1 : Contents Page 2 : Introduction Page 2-3 : History of Operating Systems Page 3 : Timesharing and Multiprogramming 1960s Page 4 : The personal computer era Page 4-5 : The Significant types of Operating Systems Page 5-6 : The Functions of Operating Systems Page 7 : Why OS is so critical Page 7 : Conclusion Page 8 : Bibliography Introduction "Operating Systems have earned the reputation for being the most critical software in a computer system
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Answer: a. Stealing or copying one’s programs or data; using system resources (CPU‚ memory‚ disk space‚ peripherals) without proper accounting. b. Probably not‚ since any protection scheme devised by humans can inevitably be broken by a human‚ and the more complex the scheme‚ the more difficult it is to feel confident of its correct implementation. 1.2 The issue of resource utilization shows up in different forms in different types of operating systems. List what resources must be managed carefully
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shared across threads in a multithreaded process? a. Register value b. Heap memory c. Global variable d. Stack memory Answer: The threads of a multithreaded process share heap memory and global variables. Each thread has its separate set of register values and a separate stack. 4.4) Output at LINE C is 5. Output at LINE P is 0. 4.6) What are the two differences between user-level and kernel-level threads? Under what circumstances is one type is better than other? Answer: 1- User-level
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another child process */ fork(); /* and fork another */ fork(); pid = getpid(); printf("Process : pid = %d \n"‚pid); return 0; } Output : Number of process = 8. 3.8 Describe the differences among short-term‚ medium-term‚ and longterm scheduling. Sol: Scheduler : A process moves among different scheduling queues throughout its lifetime. Operating system takes care of selecting the processes from these queues in some fashion. Selecting process is done by the the appropriate scheduler
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TERM PAPER OF MICROPROCESSOR ON COMPUTER‚MICROCOMPUTER AND MICROPROCESSOR ABSTRACT Microprocessors have evolved dramatically in the twelve years of their development by the implementation of large numbers of devices on single chips. Word widths have increased along with microprogramming capabilities‚ addressing capabilities‚ and trends toward single-chip computers. Only a year after the introduction of 4-bit processors came the 8-bit processor. Three years later‚ in 1974‚ 16-bit processors
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INSTRUCTORS MANUAL OPERATING SYSTEMS: INTERNALS AND DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOURTH EDITION WILLIAM STALLINGS Copyright 2000: William Stalling TABLE OF CONTENTS PART ONE: SOLUTIONS MANUAL ...............................................................................1 Chapter 1: Computer System Overview ......................................................................2 Chapter 2: Operating System Overview ......................................................................6 Chapter
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