Molecular Modeling Exercise The purpose of the is lab was to practice modeling molecules and exploring the capabilities of the ChemOffice programs. The minimum energy was found for each of the three molecules tested and the strain energy at different dihedral angles was plotted. The first molecule‚ butane‚ was easily completed but amphetamine and U4EA caused some difficulty. The results of the last two were not very conclusive. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this lab was to explore the capabilities
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Enzymes are naturally occurring biological catalysts that are extremely efficient and specific. Enzymes accelerate the rate of a reaction by factors of at least a million as compared to the same reaction without the enzyme. Most biological reaction rates are not perceivable in the absence of the enzyme. The term enzyme was first used by a German pshysiologist Wilhelm Kühne in 1897. There are over 700 different kinds of enzymes that have been identified. Enzymes can be classified into several categories
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held together with covalent bonds involving single‚ double‚ and/or triple bonds‚ where a "bond" is a shared pair of electrons (the other method of bonding between atoms is called ionic bonding and involves a positive cation and a negative anion). Molecular geometries can be specified in terms of bond lengths‚ bond angles and torsional angles. The bond length is defined to be the average distance between the centers of two atoms bonded together in any given molecule. A bond angle is the angle formed
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Experiment 4: Enzyme Kinetics. Results/Discussion Week 1 Part A: Table 1. Enzyme activity for each assay of 4-nitroaniline formation. Rate of 4-nitroaniline formation Name of trial Abs/sec Abs/min M/min mol/min µmol/min #1 0.00003 0.0018 2.05x10-7 2.15 x10-10 2.15 x10-4 # 2 0.00010 0.0060 6.81x10-7 7.15x10-10 7.15x10-4 # 3 0.00020 0.0120 1.36x10-6 1.43x10-9 1.43x10-3 # 4 0.00030 0.0180 2.00x10-6 2.10x10-9 2.10x10-3 # 5 0.00040
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Duly appointed auditor – an external auditor holds office because of legal rules contained in CA 85 and 89. 2 AUDIT THEORIES Postulates of auditing Academics have attempted to codify certain underlying principles or postulates‚ which serve as the basis of auditing theory. A postulate is a concept that can be observed to be relevant to some course of study. Certain postulates that underlie the practice of auditing have been identified: ♦ Truth and fairness – the auditor is concerned that the
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F7 Essay Writing (Kinetics) Q. Write an essay on factors which affect the rate of reactions and discuss the uses of kinetic studies. Outlines: (I) Factors affecting the Rate of Reaction (a) temperature ---- collision of molecules with different velocities and kinetic energies ---- Collision Theory and Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution ---- Arrhenius equation and Activation energy (b) concentration ---- frequency of collisions and effective collisions
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Introduction The VSEPR Theory for this experiment stated that electron group repels against each other and they occupy a lot of space. Scientists use VSEPR Theory to determine the molecule’s geometry by counting the number of electron domains that surround the central atom. Electron domain can be described as a lone pair‚ single‚ double and triple bond‚ and also even free radical. Lone pairs tend to occupy a lot of space and lower the angle of a bond‚ which gives molecular geometry. Lewis structure
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CHEM 1112 Kinetics of the Persulfate – iodide Clock Reaction The purpose of this experiment is to determine the rate law and the activation energy for the reaction between persulfate ion‚ S2O82-‚ and iodide ion‚ I-: S2O82-(aq) + 2 I-(aq) 2 SO42-(aq) + I2(aq) The rate law can be written as Reaction rate = (1) Where m and n are the orders with respect to S2O82- and I-‚ respectively‚ and k is the rate constant. Determining the rate law involves determining the values
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Module 1 ‘Introduction to Molecular Biology’ Learning Objectives (Chapter 6) Molecular Biology‚ DNA‚ chromosomes‚ and the central dogma. Understand Nucleic Acid Structure and properties (including alternate forms of DNA structure and supercoiling‚ and renaturation) Explain the nature of Prokaryotic Chromosome Understand the differences in re-association kinetics of single-copy vs. repeated sequence Understand how DNA re-association provides a measure of genome size in base pairs Functions
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1. DNA Nucleotide [pic] Nucleotides consist of three parts --- a pentose sugar‚ a nitrogen-containing base‚ and a phosphate group. A pentose sugar is a five-sided sugar. Deoxyribose has a hydrogen atom attached to its #2 carbon atom (designated 2’)‚ and ribose has a hydroxyl group atom there. Deoxyribose-containing nucleotides are the monomers of DNA RNA Nucleotide [pic] The left picture shows the nucleotide unit of RNA. Nucleotides differ from nucleosides
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