Mean-Variance Analysis Mean-variance portfolio theory is based on the idea that the value of investment opportunities can be meaningfully measured in terms of mean return and variance of return. Markowitz called this approach to portfolio formation mean-variance analysis. Mean-variance analysis is based on the following assumptions: 1. All investors are risk averse; they prefer less risk to more for the same level of expected return. 2. Expected returns for all assets are known. 3. The
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Multivariate analysis of variance Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) is a generalized form of univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA). It is used when there are two or more dependent variables. It helps to answer : 1. do changes in the independent variable(s) have significant effects on the dependent variables; 2. what are the interactions among the dependent variables and 3. among the independent variables.[1] Where sums of squares appear in univariate analysis of variance‚ in multivariate
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One-way Analysis of Variance (Abbreviated one-way ANOVA) is a technique used to compare means of two or more samples (using the F distribution). This technique can be used only for numerical data. It consists of a single factor with several levels and multiple observations at each level. With this kind of layout we can calculate the mean of the observations within each level of our factor. The residuals will tell about the variation within each level. It can also average the means of each level
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LABOR COST VARIANCE CAN BE SPLIT INTO • Direct labor rate variance (P) Calculation: actual total labor costs - (total actual labor hours worked x budgeted labor hour rate) Interpretation: calculates the portion of labor costs variance driven by the changed labor rate per hour Possible reasons for variances: changes in staff qualification and skills‚ general increase of wages in economy‚ premiums paid to finish a job quickly‚ poor budgeting • Direct labor quantity (efficiency) variance (P) Calculation:
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BUS 173 Assignment 2 Prepared For: Md. Siddique Hossain (Sqh) Answer to the question no 01 Inference Regarding the population variance‚ σ 2 An important area of statistic is concern with making inference about the population variance. Knowledge of population variability is an important element of statistical analysis. Two possibilities arise For example. A) For a car rental agency . * Tires with low variability’s is preferred compared with durable lives with high variability
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Problems Based on this case‚ the main issue is regarding to the company performance that not shows the positive performance of the company in the financial results. The issue is related on how Mr. Tan have to do in order to show that the company is still in a good performance. There is also an issue regarding to their supplier‚ Pingdingshan that supply a low quality coal but in a higher price than the prior year. Therefore‚ in our case study‚ we conclude that we need to do a variance analysis to better
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sales Group 3 - 2/13 • NASA - Sarnia 1 Plant : Produce Butyl & HaloButyl → HaloButyl (from 1984) - Sarnia 2 Plant : Produce Butyl (operation 1984) 1) 1984 : 95‚000 t 2) 1985 : 65‚000 t • EROW - Antwel plant : Produce Butyl & HaloButyl (1964‚ 1979 modified) 1) 1981 : Prduced Butyl(75%) & HaloButyl(25%) 2) 1985 : Prduced Butyl(50%‚ 45‚000t)‚ HaloButyl(50%‚ 45‚000t) Transfer NASA to ERROW : Butyl(21‚000t) Group 3 - 3/13 Q1. The meaning and accuracy of the volume variance. • NASA Rubber
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A flexible budget is a budget statement that shows what the expected costs should have been for any level of output‚ so that the actual costs can be compared to planned costs for the output that was actually generated. In a flexible budget‚ the costs are separated into variable and fixed costs. The more information that is provided to explain variances in budgeted and actual amounts‚ the easier it is for management to make successful decisions about costs and expenses. A flexible budget classifies
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Introduction A budget is considered as a standard to facilitate control work activities of the organization. Budgets are planning tools prepared firstly to start the period being budgeted. Valuable information about the performance contains of the difference between the actual results and the planning budgets. Therefore‚ budgets are both planning tools and performance evaluation. The most common important element in budget is some measure of anticipated output such as the number
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Chapter 9 Flexible Budgets and Performance Analysis Solutions to Questions 9-1 The planning budget is prepared for the planned level of activity. It is static because it is not adjusted even if the level of activity subsequently changes. 9-2 A flexible budget can be adjusted to reflect any level of activity—including the actual level of activity. By contrast‚ a static planning budget is prepared for a single level of activity and is not subsequently adjusted. 9-3 Actual results can differ
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