rough copy of how i would answer 2 exam Q's on Respiration Prt 1
‘Respiratory regulation’ refers to changes in pH due to pCO2 changes from alterations in respiration. This change in can occur rapidly with significant effects on pH. Carbon dioxide is lipid soluble and crosses cell membranes quickly, so changes in pCO2 result in rapid changes in [H+] in all body fluid compartments.
Respiratory regulation requires a connection between alveolar respiration and pH via pCO2.
The control system for respiratory regulation of acid-base balance can be considered using the model of a simple servo control system. The components of such a simple model are a controlled variable which is monitored by a sensor, a central integrator which interprets the information from the sensor and an effector mechanism which can alter the controlled variable. The servo control means that the system works in such a way as to attempt to keep the controlled variable constant or at a particular set-point. This means that a negative feedback system is in operation and the elements of the system are connected in a loop.
The controlled variable is the arterial pCO2 of which if changes alters arterial pH.
The receptor is the central and peripheral chemoreceptors that both respond to changes in arterial pCO2 (as well as some other factors).
The control centre is the respiratory centre within the medulla.
This results in a negative feedback which restores the pCO2 levels.
The effector is the respiratory muscles. An increase in minute ventilation increases alveolar ventilation and thus decreases arterial pCO2 (the controlled variable).
.ANSWER FOR QUESTION 2.
O2 is carried in two forms in blood: dissolved and bound to haemoglobin. Dissolved O2 alone is inadequate to meet the metabolic demands of the tissues; so therefore a second form of O2, combined with haemoglobin, is needed. Oxygen is transported around the body in blood by the complex molecule haemoglobin which is a globular protein possess a central iron atom. When haemoglobin reacts with oxygen;
Respiratory regulation requires a connection between alveolar respiration and pH via pCO2.
The control system for respiratory regulation of acid-base balance can be considered using the model of a simple servo control system. The components of such a simple model are a controlled variable which is monitored by a sensor, a central integrator which interprets the information from the sensor and an effector mechanism which can alter the controlled variable. The servo control means that the system works in such a way as to attempt to keep the controlled variable constant or at a particular set-point. This means that a negative feedback system is in operation and the elements of the system are connected in a loop.
The controlled variable is the arterial pCO2 of which if changes alters arterial pH.
The receptor is the central and peripheral chemoreceptors that both respond to changes in arterial pCO2 (as well as some other factors).
The control centre is the respiratory centre within the medulla.
This results in a negative feedback which restores the pCO2 levels.
The effector is the respiratory muscles. An increase in minute ventilation increases alveolar ventilation and thus decreases arterial pCO2 (the controlled variable).
.ANSWER FOR QUESTION 2.
O2 is carried in two forms in blood: dissolved and bound to haemoglobin. Dissolved O2 alone is inadequate to meet the metabolic demands of the tissues; so therefore a second form of O2, combined with haemoglobin, is needed. Oxygen is transported around the body in blood by the complex molecule haemoglobin which is a globular protein possess a central iron atom. When haemoglobin reacts with oxygen;