Preview

Physics 101

Powerful Essays
Open Document
Open Document
7810 Words
Grammar
Grammar
Plagiarism
Plagiarism
Writing
Writing
Score
Score
Physics 101
UNIT

1

Modern Physics
1.1

CLASSICAL PHYSICS

Newton’s laws of motion are the basis of the most elementary principles of classical physics.
Equations based on these laws are the simplest and they are suitable for solution of simple dynamical problems, such as the motion of macroscopic bodies, Lagrange’s equations, Hamilton’s equations and Hamilton’s principle are also fundamental principles of classical mechanics, because they are consistent with each other and with Newton’s laws of motion. Lagrange’s and Hamilton’s equations are useful for solving many complicated dynamical problems. In principle, the properties of bulk matter must be deducible from the properties of electrons and atomic nuclei of which it is composed. However, it is found that many the observed properties of matter cannot be explained on the assumption that the particles obey the laws of classical mechanics.
At the end of 19th century and in the beginning of 20th century, many new phenomena such as photoelectric effect, x-rays, line spectra, nuclear radiation were discovered which wanted explanation on the basis of classical physics. Laws of classical mechanics failed to explain the above said newly observed properties of matter.
Therefore the need of new concepts was felt in many areas of physical sciences. The concepts developed led to a new mechanics called quantum mechanics. Another form of quantum mechanics is called wave mechanics. The mathematical theory of this mechanics was developed by Erwin
Schroedinger in 1926. Numerous problems of atomic physics have been solved by the application of quantum mechanics. To understand the development of wave mechanics, we begin with brief account of black body radiation, which could not be explained by classical mechanics. This is followed by description of some phenomena like the photoelectric effect, the Compton effect, etc.
Explanations of these phenomena are based on Planck’s quantum hypothesis.

1.1.1

Black Body

You May Also Find These Documents Helpful

  • Good Essays

    Einstein

    • 1255 Words
    • 4 Pages

    In 1905 Einstein published a paper that described experimental data from the photoelectric effect as being the result of light energy being carried in discrete quantized packets. This led to the quantum revolution and later earned him his Nobel Prize.…

    • 1255 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    First let’s get to know some history about the man behind all of this, Sir Isaac Newton. Sir Isaac Newton, the man who is responsible for what we all have come to know as the “Laws of Motion” was born on January 4, 1643, which is very often displayed as December 25, 1642, if using the older version of the Julien calendar, in the Helmet of Woolsthorpe, England. Sir Isaac Newton is believed to be one of the most influential scientists known to have ever lived. His ideas became the basis for the physics we all know and use today, well some of us. He not only studied optics, astronomy, and math, he even ended up creating what we all know as “calculus”(Mathematics). Sir Isaac Newton was a mathematician and physics scholar who transformed…

    • 1022 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    Isaac Newton’s Second Law of Motion (F=ma) explains the relationship between force and acceleration in motion. The application of force on an object causes an…

    • 6862 Words
    • 28 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    Balloon Powered Car

    • 468 Words
    • 2 Pages

    Sir Isaac Newton developed three laws of motion in 1665 when he was only 23 years old. These laws revolutionized how science explained movement by describing how the forces acting on an object are responsible for the object’s motion.…

    • 468 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Good Essays

    We go through Sir Isaac Newton's laws of motion everyday. For example riding a bike , stopping a bike, or swimming in a pool . You experience newton's first law when stopping the bike , you experience the second law when you are riding the bike ,and you can experience the third law while swimming in a swimming pool. All three of these activities have to do with motion and all fall under one of the three newton's law of motion.…

    • 473 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Hsc Physics Topics

    • 4679 Words
    • 19 Pages

    What Has Gone Before... The Rutherford Model of the Atom The entire Science of Chemistry and much of Physics is built on the foundation of Atomic Theory... the concept that all matter is composed of atoms. In 1911, Ernest Rutherford carried out an experiment which indicated that the positively charged part…

    • 4679 Words
    • 19 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    here that their theories diverge. In the cause of the motion, we begin to see a…

    • 1307 Words
    • 6 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    The enlish physicist and mathmatical Sir Isaac Newton discovered three basic laws of motion. The first law says that objects at rast and objects in motion will remain at rest or in motion.There are many ways to describe how the third law motion works in the world of sports one of the more interesting examples the way LeBron James dunks a basket…

    • 63 Words
    • 1 Page
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Good Essays

    These laws of motion helped explain how each object in the universe co-operates. These laws are universally accepted and still cannot be disproven. Along with discovering these universal laws, he also developed the foundation of a new math, Calculus. Newton built his theory of Calculus based off the works of Isaac Barrow and John Wallis. The initial complication of Newton’s theory was that the calculations of finding curves and slopes was fairly simple, there is no method to give one individual point when given an exact…

    • 1233 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Lawrence Radiation Analysis

    • 4648 Words
    • 19 Pages

    The invention of other new theories regularly, and appropriately, evokes the same response from some of the specialists on whose area of special competence they impinge. For these men the new theory implies a change in the rules governing the prior practice of normal science. Inevitably, therefore, it reflects upon much scientific work they have already successfully completed. That is why a new theory, however special its range of application, is seldom or never just an increment to what is already known. Its assimilation requires the reconstruction of prior theory and the re-evaluation of prior fact, an intrinsically revolutionary process that is seldom completed by a single man and never overnight. No wonder historians have had difficulty in dating precisely this extended process that their vocabulary impels them to view as an isolated event. Nor are new inventions of theory the only scientific eve ts ? that have revolutionary impact upon the specialists in whqrse domain they occur. The commitments that govern normal science specify not only what sorts of entities the universe does contain, but also, by implication, those that it does not. I t follows, though the point will require extended discussion, that a discovery like that of oxygen or X-rays does not simply add one more item to the population of the scientist's world. Ultimately it has that effect,…

    • 4648 Words
    • 19 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    There are three laws of motion that have been stated by Sir Isaac Newton during the sixteenth century that are looked upon even today.…

    • 627 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Better Essays

    By paraphrasing one of Isaac Newton’s Laws, Cole explains that momentum is one of the keys…

    • 1036 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Better Essays
  • Good Essays

    In this chapter, students will get to learn about the concepts of involving work and energy including the work of a force that acts on particles. Therefore, students can develop the principle of work and energy and the concepts of a conservative force as this equation can be useful for solving problems involving force, velocity and displacement and also can solve the kinetic problems. So in general, this chapter will enable students to analyse and understand more about the motion of a particle by using the concepts of work and energy.…

    • 897 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Issac Newton

    • 7638 Words
    • 31 Pages

    Sir Isaac Newton PRS MP (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1727) was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist and theologian, who has been considered by many to be the greatest and most influential scientist who ever lived.[8] His monograph Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, published in 1687, laid the foundations for most of classical mechanics. In this work, Newton described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion, which dominated the scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries. Newton showed that the motion of objects on Earth and that of celestial bodies is governed by the same set of natural laws: by demonstrating the consistency between Kepler 's laws of planetary motion and his theory of gravitation he removed the last doubts about heliocentrism and advanced the scientific revolution. The Principia is generally considered to be one of the most important scientific books ever written, both due to the specific physical laws the work successfully described, and for its style, which assisted in setting standards for scientific publication down to the present time.…

    • 7638 Words
    • 31 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    Theory of Relativity

    • 33824 Words
    • 136 Pages

    Because many equations cannot be presented effectively in plain text, images are supplied for many equations and for all figures and tables. CONTENTS Preface Part I: The Special Theory of Relativity 01. Physical Meaning of Geometrical Propositions 02. The System of Co-ordinates 03. Space and Time in Classical Mechanics 04.…

    • 33824 Words
    • 136 Pages
    Powerful Essays