Notes on the Plant Kingdom

Plant Kingdom * Bryophyta * Non-vascular (no xylem or phloem) * Reliance on diffusion and osmosis * Ergo, size restriction to damp areas * Reproduce via haploid spores * No roots; rhizoids * No true stems * Possible earliest colonists of land. * Moss, liverworts, hornworts * Filicinophyta * Seedless (male gamete meets female gametes) * Vascular (xylem carry water and phloem carry nutrients) * Ferns, club mosses, horsetails * Coniferophyta (gymnosperm) * “Naked seed” Greek * Refers to ovules not being surrounded by an ovary wall. * Therefore, necessity of cones * Seeds are non-motile and need wind for transport * Vascular * Cycad, ginkgo, pine * Angiospermophyta * Most successful plants today * Vascular * Seeds coated w/ ovary wall surrounding ovule * Sexual reproduction via flower formation, then seeds within fruit * Includes woody and herbaceous plants * Sunflowers, roses, cherry trees * Dicotyledons * Two cotyledons * Multiples of four or five floral parts * Netlike array of leaf veins * 3 pores or furrows in pollen grain * Vascular bundles arrayed as a ring in stem * Tap roots * Monocotyledons * One cotyledon * Multiples of three * Parallel array of leaf veins * One pore or furrow in pollen grain * Vascular bundles distributed around tissue of stem * Fibrous roots * Leaf structure * Very thin for max surface area for photosynthesis * Cuticle: Outermost layer that protects leaf from drying out * Epidermis: Next layer composed of multiple layers used to protect against water loss, regulate gas exchange, and secrete metabolic compounds * Mesophyll: Tissue that comprises