notes
Indus Valley Civilization –
The Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age civilization (3300–1300 BC; mature period 2600–1900 BC) extending from what today is northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India. Along with Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia it was one of three early civilizations of the Old World, and of the three the most widespread. It flourished in the basins of the Indus River, one of the major rivers of Asia, and the Ghaggar-Hakra River, which once coursed through northwest India and eastern Pakistan.
The Indus Valley Civilization is also known as the Harappan Civilization, after Harappa, the first of its sites to be excavated in the 1920s, in what was then the Punjab province of British India, and is now in Pakistan. A uniform culture had developed at settlements spread across nearly 500,000 square miles, including parts of Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Baluchistan, Sindh and the Makran coast. It was a highly developed civilization and derived its name from the main river of that region— Indus.
Year
Site
Discovered by
1920
Harappa
Rai Bahadur Daya Ram Sahni
1922
Mohenjodaro
R. D. Banerjee
1927
Sutkagen dor
R. L. Staine
1931
Chanhudaro
N. G. Majumdar
1953
Rangpur
M. Vats
1953
Kalibangan
A. Ghosh
1955-56
Ropar
Y. D. Sharma
1957
Lothal
S. R. Rao
1972-75
Surkotada
I. Joshi
1973-74
Banwali
R. S. Bisht
Dholavira Rann of Kachh (Gujarat)
R. S. Bisht
Ganverivala Pakistan
Rafeeq Mugal
Rakhi Garhi Jeend (Haryana)
Rafeeq Mugal
Indus Valley Civilization culture divided into two parts
1. Pre-Harappan culture
2. Proto-Harappan culture
Cultures that preceded Harappan culture are pre-Harappan, while proto-Harappan cultures are those pre-Harappan cultures which have some close similarities with the Harappan culture or which may be said to have anticipated certain essential elements of Harappan culture. In short, all Proto-Harappan cultures are necessarily pre-Harappan cultures, but all
The Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age civilization (3300–1300 BC; mature period 2600–1900 BC) extending from what today is northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India. Along with Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia it was one of three early civilizations of the Old World, and of the three the most widespread. It flourished in the basins of the Indus River, one of the major rivers of Asia, and the Ghaggar-Hakra River, which once coursed through northwest India and eastern Pakistan.
The Indus Valley Civilization is also known as the Harappan Civilization, after Harappa, the first of its sites to be excavated in the 1920s, in what was then the Punjab province of British India, and is now in Pakistan. A uniform culture had developed at settlements spread across nearly 500,000 square miles, including parts of Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Baluchistan, Sindh and the Makran coast. It was a highly developed civilization and derived its name from the main river of that region— Indus.
Year
Site
Discovered by
1920
Harappa
Rai Bahadur Daya Ram Sahni
1922
Mohenjodaro
R. D. Banerjee
1927
Sutkagen dor
R. L. Staine
1931
Chanhudaro
N. G. Majumdar
1953
Rangpur
M. Vats
1953
Kalibangan
A. Ghosh
1955-56
Ropar
Y. D. Sharma
1957
Lothal
S. R. Rao
1972-75
Surkotada
I. Joshi
1973-74
Banwali
R. S. Bisht
Dholavira Rann of Kachh (Gujarat)
R. S. Bisht
Ganverivala Pakistan
Rafeeq Mugal
Rakhi Garhi Jeend (Haryana)
Rafeeq Mugal
Indus Valley Civilization culture divided into two parts
1. Pre-Harappan culture
2. Proto-Harappan culture
Cultures that preceded Harappan culture are pre-Harappan, while proto-Harappan cultures are those pre-Harappan cultures which have some close similarities with the Harappan culture or which may be said to have anticipated certain essential elements of Harappan culture. In short, all Proto-Harappan cultures are necessarily pre-Harappan cultures, but all