DNA and RNA Replication Deborah J Brooks Biochemistry (GRT1) Task 1 Western Governors University Objectives DNA Replication at Biochemical Level Role of Ligase Role of mRNA Role of RNA Polymerase Inhibition related to the death cap mushroom Introduction Nucleic acids are required for the storage and expression of genetic information. There are two chemically distinct types of nucleic acids. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). The repository of genetic information.…
B. Non-specific immune defenses are not innate: they are activated by exposure to foreign antigens…
After the addition of silver nitrate, a dirty white solution with brown layer on top was produced.…
1. Receptors for touch, heat, pressure, vision, and hearing are classified as ___ because they sense stimuli that arise external to the body.…
An enzyme is a protein or other substance that will bind to a substrate, or substance that…
Food is the primary source of energy for all living organisms - it is used to replenish and supply energy to the body and provide the nutrients it needs to grow and thrive. In 1824, Nicolas Clement came up with the term “calorie” as a unit of heat energy (Calorie n.d.). In modern day, calories are often associated with food because the number of calories in food is the measure of how much potential energy that food contains (Painter 2006). The Law of Conservation of Energy states that the total amount of energy in an isolated system remains constant; no energy can be gained or lost, however, it can be transferred from one form to another (Tuckerman n.d.).…
Its function during replication is to remove any RNA primer left in the lagging strand and replace the primer with DNA.…
22. CaloriesIf it wants to perform ANY activity, your body needs energy. That energy comes from food. The energy available in food is measured in Calories. Calorie: The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a kilogram of water 1 degree Celsius. For example there is a big difference in the amount of calories a slice of pizza and a carrot contains. One gives more nutrition, and the other gives more energy.Depending on the kind of nutrients that a type of food provides, the amount of calories differ.…
Bower, J. (2014, August 20). The Death Cap Mushroom...It's as Bad as it Sounds. Retrieved September 4, 2016, from https://naturespoisons.com/2014/08/20/death-cap-mushroom-amanita-phalloides/#comments…
Most of the processes taking place inside our cells need energy in order to happen. Depending on our age, weight, the activities we will need a certain amount of calories. If somebody run every morning, will require more energy and calories per day. If somebody are an athlete also will require more calories per day. If the person sit, and work on a computer all day then that person don’t need many calories per day. Energy is measured in kilojoules (kJ).…
4. Calorie – is a measure of energy released by food as it is digested by the human body…
All humans are heterotrophic organisms (organisms that live off the organic compounds produced by autotrophic organisms (create their own organic compounds). We get these organic molecules from what we call food (a nutritious substance that is used or absorbed to maintain life and growth). We measure things based on 1000 calories (The energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius). In food we measure in Calories (which is a kilocalorie). The organic molecules (any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon) that humans use are lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. These organic molecules are used to produce ATP (Adenosine triphosphate). We break down these macromolecules (large biological molecule) by a process called digestion (when enzymes break down large molecules into smaller ones). This is also a catabolic reaction (a metabolic reaction that results in the breakdown of complex molecules) Humans use different process to break down these macromolecules. Carbohydrates (contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and can be broken) are broken down through cellular respiration (The process in which a cell breaks down sugar or other organic compounds to release energy used for cellular work). This process includes glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the kreb cycle, and the electron transport chain. The theoretical ATP output by this process is 36 ATP per glucose (C6H1206). Lipids are broken down to fatty acid chains and through a process called beta oxidation; the fatty acid chain is broken down to many acetyl-Co A, which then enters cellular respiration at the Kreb cycle. Proteins are broken down to amino acids. Through a process called deamination (removing the amino group of an amino acid). The enzyme that causes this is called deaminases (enzyme that performs deamination). We then have pyruvate which enters at pyruvate oxidation. Last, nucleic acids turn into nucleotides and enter the Kreb…
Piperazine (generic, Vermizine) Oral: piperazine citrate tablets equivalent to 250 mg of the hexahydrate; piperazine citrate syrup equivalent to 500 mg of the hexahydrate per 5 mL Praziquantel (Biltricide; others outside the USA) Oral: 600 mg tablets (other strengths outside the USA) Pyrantel pamoate (Antiminth, Combantrin, Pin-rid, Pin-X) Oral: 50 mg (base)/mL suspension; 62.5 mg (base) capsules (available without prescription in the USA) Suramin (Bayer 205, others) Parenteral: ampules containing 0.5 or 1 g powder to be reconstituted as a 10% solution and used immediately Note: Suramin is not marketed in the USA but can be obtained from the Parasitic Disease Drug Service, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, 404-639-3670. Thiabendazole (Mintezol) Oral: 500 mg chewable tablets; suspension, 500 mg/mL…
Protein quantitation is a study which is used to determine protein concentration in an unknown sample by comparing its assay response to one which is already known. This has uses in a broad range of research topics which include protein analysis. Two bovine serum albumin (BSA) dilutions of unknown concentrations using the Bradford assay method of protein quantification were used. BSA is a fatty acid carrier protein in the blood; this is used as it stabilizes enzymes and has advantageous properties such as protection from oxidative damage and stabilization of proteins for analysis. The Bradford assay method is one which is regarded as a relatively quick and simple process, and the results helped to determine its accuracy (Bradford, M. 1976). Important aqueous solutions used throughout the experiment were distilled water, Coomassie brilliant blue G-250 (CBBG) and BSA. The acidic CBBG dye was used to stabilize the binding of this to the BSA, therefore increasing the maximum absorption from 465nm to 595nm (Spector, T. 1978). The spectrophotometer is an absorbance measuring instrument that produces light through two bulbs; the first a visible light and the second one which produces an ultra violet light. Five known substances from 0.2 mg/ml to 1.0 mg/ml, one blank sample and two unknown were used to be tested. In the beginning these solutions were already in 1.5ml microfuge tubes, the amount of stock needed for each was then calculated with the equation C1V1 = C2V2. C1 being the concentration, V1 the value of the starting solutions, C2 the desired concentration of the final stock and V2 the volume of the final stock. Using pipettes, the proportionate amounts mixed with distilled water were used and placed in separate falcon tubes. The concentrations were then mixed with a 5.0 ml of diluted dye reagent, followed by a five minute incubation period. The solutions were each pipetted into cuvettes…
After blood is collected from a patient it is analysed to check the fragments present and the fluid which will either be plasma or serum. After plasma is separated from blood it recollects the fibrinogen which in turn helps in clotting however serum is the portion of blood which remains after the fibrinogen is removed. Serum contains approximately 6-8% of the proteins which make up blood however plasma creates up to 55% of blood. Serum contains different proteins which include albumin and globulins however plasma contains clotting factors, water and serum. In order for us to see the difference between plasma and serum we have to analyse the blood. If after removal, the blood does not clot then we know that the fluid present is a serum. If the blood is restricted from clotting by the presence of anti-coagulants, then the fluid is plasma.…