Apa Writing Citation Guide
APA: USING REFERENCES EFFECTIVELY
The Writing Centre
In this Presentation
• About academic writing, sources, plagiarism • Kinds of research
• General paper formatting
• In-text citations • References list
Academic Writing
• Presenting new perspectives • Making a POINT • Proving your points with research • Giving the reader PROOF • Relating back to the overall argument of your paper • Adding some explanatory COMMENTARY
Types of Sources
• Primary
• Original research, theories, or documented experiences. • Original work that you are writing. • Examples: carrying out your own experiments,
conducting surveys or interviews, reviewing primary documents such as letters and treatises, as well as documentaries.
• Secondary
• Supports your argument based on source material
authored by other people. • Information and arguments from other writers about a topic or primary source. • Examples: journal articles, books, films.
Plagiarism
• Plagiarism can be intentional: • Buying a paper, submitting a friend’s, paying someone to write a paper for you, piecing together text from websites, etc.
• It can also result unintentionally from a failure to cite your
sources and/or cite them properly (i.e. according to a style guide)
Avoiding Unintentional Plagiarism
• Paraphrase, quote, or summary
• Have you made the appropriate choice?
• Don’t rely too heavily on others’ work
• How much cited material is in each paragraph/section?
• Who’s really making the point?
• Know how to use your style guide properly,
keep it with you and reference it at all stages of research and writing!
Citations
• Summary: provides an understanding of the core
argument of a text in your own words.
• Paraphrasing: provides an understanding of one
aspect of the text in your own words.
• Used most often.
• Quotation: uses the author’s EXACT words to
provide one idea.
• Used to put emphasis on the words of the author or when
it is
The Writing Centre
In this Presentation
• About academic writing, sources, plagiarism • Kinds of research
• General paper formatting
• In-text citations • References list
Academic Writing
• Presenting new perspectives • Making a POINT • Proving your points with research • Giving the reader PROOF • Relating back to the overall argument of your paper • Adding some explanatory COMMENTARY
Types of Sources
• Primary
• Original research, theories, or documented experiences. • Original work that you are writing. • Examples: carrying out your own experiments,
conducting surveys or interviews, reviewing primary documents such as letters and treatises, as well as documentaries.
• Secondary
• Supports your argument based on source material
authored by other people. • Information and arguments from other writers about a topic or primary source. • Examples: journal articles, books, films.
Plagiarism
• Plagiarism can be intentional: • Buying a paper, submitting a friend’s, paying someone to write a paper for you, piecing together text from websites, etc.
• It can also result unintentionally from a failure to cite your
sources and/or cite them properly (i.e. according to a style guide)
Avoiding Unintentional Plagiarism
• Paraphrase, quote, or summary
• Have you made the appropriate choice?
• Don’t rely too heavily on others’ work
• How much cited material is in each paragraph/section?
• Who’s really making the point?
• Know how to use your style guide properly,
keep it with you and reference it at all stages of research and writing!
Citations
• Summary: provides an understanding of the core
argument of a text in your own words.
• Paraphrasing: provides an understanding of one
aspect of the text in your own words.
• Used most often.
• Quotation: uses the author’s EXACT words to
provide one idea.
• Used to put emphasis on the words of the author or when
it is
Citations: Mills, S. (1997). Discourse. New York: Routledge. Said, E. (1979). Orientalism. New York: Vintage Books. Foucault, M. (1978). The History of Sexuality Volume I: An Introduction • United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2008). UNODC supports UN rights declaration Morrison, D. R. (1998). Aid and ebb tide: A history of CIDA and Canadian development assistance. Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. Southern Ontario recreational atlas. (1998). Victoria: Phototype Composing. Shutte, H. (1972). Transcultural child psychiatry. Acta Paedopsychiatrica, 38(9), 229-231.