AP World History 1450-1750

1450 part C
Globalization
Spices
Sugar was HUGE in America
• New Guinea
• Arabs were first to take it – med
• Europeans wanted it o All they had was honey and fruits
• First international mass market product o Capital from Europe/production in America/ African slaves
• Sugar Belt
• Slave labor o Many Indians died o Many African were resistant to disease o Horrendous conditions o Many Africans in Brazil o Spread t Caribbean
• There was Spanish, Friend, English, Dutch islands o 80% of slaves will end up Brazil and Caribbean o America is looked at in Europe for recourses
• Cash Crops
Silver was BIG
• More of it so it can be used for world currency
• All Spanish o Sugar was mostly Portugal but not the Caribbean
• Potsoi Mines in Bolivia (Andes) o Huge city miserable conditions for the Incas o Repartimiento – continuations of the Mita. BUT WORSE? Instead for government for Spanish
• Mines in Mexico o Aztecs (no black people, and didn't allow slavery)
• Once the Spanish come in human sacrifice was gone.
• They didn’t want any other beliefs
• Spanish Manila was the center of trade
• Spanish piece of eight was international currency
• Silver made the world go round
• How did it work? o Made in Peru or the mines o To Acapulco (Mexico port) o Then to Spanish Galleons o Then to Manila
• Then they get spices, silk back
• Japan also discovered Silver o Much of it went into Qing China
• Why? Because China had to pay taxes with Silver
• Raised Mulberry trees for silk-a cash crop
• Econ. Dev. led to deforestation
• Economically o Spain benefits at first
• Problem don’t develop industries o Inflation hits everywhere
FURS!
• One reason why o ICE AGE o High demand in Europe
• Status wealth
• Europe had depleted a lot of there animals. Europe ran out
• Russia Pushing east o Sable o Mink o Depopulation of Many animals
• The French then went into N. America to look for furs o Made Indians do it and then traded with them o Trade for guns, metal
• They didn't kill them o They traded with alcohol – fighting around each other o Depopulation of Animals too
Pirates
• Pirates of the Caribbean
• Who was involved
• Major leaders consqequences
• Looking for silver and gold
• There were pirates and Privateer o Pirate on their own o Privateer was sent by the king – I wasn't sent out (by paper) Semi legal o Francis Drake (example) he did NOT kill people
• Looking for Pieces of 8
• The flag that they would fly was the Jolly Roger o So they are scared o POWER
• Henry Morgan o Famous pirates o English o He was a privateer
• He actually took an Island from Spain and gave it to England
• Example: Jamaica
• Very many women pirates
• They did do important things for the countries o But others were just ruthless
• Example: Black beard
Africa
• West Africa
• Ghana lead to Mali
• Mali Declines o Merchants so upperclass was Muslim
• Songhai o 1464-1591 o Sunni Ali (King)
• Professional Army
• Captured Timbuktu o Askia Mohammed
• 1500s
• All Muslims
• Comes up with Beauacracy
• Good tax system and effective
• Pilgrimage to Mecca
• Tries to revive Timbuktu o Trans Saharan slave trade revives – needed Salt o No modern weapons
• Didn’t last very long o By late 1500s Moroccan army defeats them and they collapse
• Moroccan have weapons – closer to Europe
• But they can’t hold on either but Europe takes it
• Takes all the coasts
• Kongo o West coast of central o Portugal will come in with weapons but the Kongo was smart and they became Christian o They were nice
• We wont take you over
• We will make you rich
• So go get us slaves
• And we will give you money o Gave them ports, and powers
• Many leaders became Catholic
• Benin o Great Bronze Sculpture o 1440 -1800s o Many slaves o Christian
• East Coast trading o 1450-1500s
• they were Muslim controlled
• cosmopolitan and wealthy o 1500s the Portuguese will come in and take over
• never be the same o couldn’t get into the inteirors
• river, climate, etc o great Zimbabwae was abanded
Labor Systems in 14500s
• Growing demand for labnor o 1 reason
• the great dyeing in Americas
• slavery o Since first civilization o Had slaves
• Egypt
• Rome
• Greece o Not really
• India
• China
• Two big Areas for African slavery o They went to Islamic areas
• From about 600 CE on African slaves went to Islamic areas
• Primarily as house slaves
• In the middle east wasn’t as racist
• Convert!!!! Much better chance of being free Matchupatient
• In the Middle East can rise up. ASSIMILATE
• Very little syncretism unlike in America
• Africans did not influence Islam that much o Why? NO polytheism
• Women o The Americas
• Sugar was KEY
• That’s why they are here
• Before they relied on honey, fruits
• Learned it from the Arabs
• They captured people from Slovic Areas to help with the sugar in the Mediterranean
• So they went to the AMERICAAS
• Indians were flat out dying so they stole the Africans
• There was racism behind it. Much easier to enslave someone who was inferior
• 1500s century 11 million people were brought
• 5% was to north America
• vast majority will be to the sugar belt
• The boat ride was AWFUL
• They were chained to the boats
• Middle passage
• Most of them are from West Africa o Congo o Benin o Sanghay
• African tribes that had power captured people and sold them to Spain and others
• Africans controlled the slaves
• Prisoner, debtors,
• Generalities
• So much of the economy revolved around slavery
• The Atlantic slave trade preferred males
• Slave has become such a social term
• Latin America
• African culture was brought in o Music o Art o Religious ideas o Cuisine
• Slaves were dehumanized o No treated like a human o So you don’t feel bad about how you are treating them o Not guilty
• Slightly more chance of freedom, treat a bit better o Doesn’t mean it was better because sugar plantation was horrendous o North America YOU DON’T WANT TO HURT YOUR SLAVE
• You did not want to Christian because dehumanization o You are enslaving a Christian! AT FIRST o They could be more dangerous
• Moses – not giving them ideas o Later on they DID Christianize them
• Verses in the bible that says obey your masters
• What will make them more docile
• You are a good slave you will end up in heaven
• They did allow some syncretism
• Africans – witch craft
• Voodoo – Haiti
• MUSIC o Percussions, drums, rhythm
• Story telling (oral)
• 80 – 90% are in Latin America
• in the US
• Mainly cotton in the south o Some rice, tobacco
• Same reasons for not Christianizing o But then wanted them to attend white run churches o Africans accepted it. Because it meshed with traditional ideas of creator god o But incorporated their own stuff
• More emotional, chanting, conversion experience was key.
• Reference to burdens of slavery
• Exodux – moses o Hope of freedom
• Pastors became key
• Slave with a little bit of education
• After the civil war, ideas more diaspora
• Major influence of American music o Jazz, Ragtime, oral tradtion,
• All came out of black music
• Cuisine
• Conditions of slaves o Not as bad as in Sugar Plantations o Probably less chance of freedom
• New England
• Boston
• They didn't have slaves but their ecnomy was tied into it
• Triangular trade o Big export was rum o Took it to west Africa to trade for slaves and gold o They then took the gold and the slaves and to the west indies and Caribbean o They would trade the gold and the slaves for sugar and malasis o Take that back to Boston and make more Rum o Impact of slave trade in Africa
• Slowed African growth
• Europe and China went up from all the food
• Africa stayed steady – healthier but lost a lot of people
• Latin America’s went down at first but go up later
• The foods that Africans got the most
• Manioc and Maize.
• Cheapest
• Rice – from Asia through Africa to the new world
• Other labor systems
• Up in British North America o Someone in Virginia has a tobacco plantation o Ur super poor in England o You want to work on that plantation o You can’t afford to go there o So they owner says to you, I will pay your way if you come work for me o THAT IS IN INDETURED servant
• So once you’re free there’s Land you can take o Mainly found indentured servants in tobacco plantation o Cash crops environmentally destroyed it
• That meant go west to find more land o Ecomienda – Spanish conquistador o Mita system and Repartimiento o Corvee – France. X amount of days
Europe zooms ahead
• Resonance
• Exploration
• NOW Scientific revolution o Borrowed from Islam and China o Borrowed from the Ancient greeks o And they built on it o 1500s more radical
• Copernicus
• No more geocentric it’s heliocentric
• Church will hate them
• He will lead to Galileo o Also believed in Heliocentric o From Italy o He will popularize it in the 1600s and this made him dangerous o Puts him on trail o House arrest forever
• Francis Bacon
• Popularizes Scientific Method
• You must prove to be true
• Harvey
• Blood circulation
• Body is a machine
• f
• Isaac Newton
• There natural laws that govern the universe
• There’s no need for god??? o Causes us to think! – More Industrial revolution o It started merging chem, physics, Math, Astronomy o A lot of this lead to a philosophical Revolution
• Age of reason
• Enlightenment 1700s
• Questions the Church and the Kinh
• Leading into the Enlightenment
• John Locke o We are all born with rights
• Life
• Liberty
• Property o Jefferson writing the declaration of independence
• Changes it to happiness o Purpose of governments is to protect our rights! o If they don’t protect us then we have the right to overthrow them
• Enlightened figures were Deist
• Deism o God is a watch maker o Makes it o Builds it o Winds it o Sell it o Then it wounds on its o GOD sets it up, the world, and then set up natural laws, then left.
• Therefor god doesn’t interfere with our life now o Enough of the elite were o The Philosophes were leading into the Enlightenment and they were Deism o Why Europe in all of this?
• Universtiies
• Much more independent from Church than in other places
• More separation of church and state
• Legal colds that protected people
• Competition among o Spreads in a few places
• China and Ottoman and Mughals didn’t want to learn it
• Egypt) Muhammad Ali
• Sends some students to west Europe
• Imports teacher
• Russia
• Peter the great wanted to learn
• Japan
• A little from the Dutch
• Very good education o Will take advantage when Perry comes in
Random Globalization
• Coffee o Came out of Yemen (Arabia) o Eat the coffee beans
• People noticed you can work better
• Feel better
• Addictive like sugar and tobacco o Spread throughout the Ottoman (Sunni)
• NO alcohol so yay coffee
• But worried some officials – coffee house talk
• Could be about politics
• Therefore it was banned o Made it into Europe
• Coffee houses were key during Sci. Revolution
• And enlightenment
• Can stay awake for house and discuss and learn
• Tea o Came out of China
• Will make it rich ☺ o Caffeinated ☺
• England loves tea
• Liquor o Hard liquor o High alcohol o Scurvy – lack of Vitamin C
• English sailors
• Lime was a cure o Came up with Distilled alcohol
• More concentrated

Globalization and limits
• China, Ottomans, and Japan, looking internal
• Ocean still not involved in Global trade
• 1700’s there will be some missionaries moving into Austalia o Maoris- new Zealand o Aborigines – Australia
Environment
• Europe o Deforestation o For fuel
• In America’s o One crop – monoculture o Europe brought Animals over
• Will change America’s
• Little Ice age
• Beginning of state thinking of environment
• Loius the 14 had a forestry program
• Tokugawa – laws to restrict lumbering

Globalization of Christianity
• America’s was quite successful o Latin America (Meso)
• Very catholic o Not as successful in Protestant USA
• Didn’t assimiulate
• Asia was not that successful o Besides Philippians
• China o Did have a lot of missionaries come in o Mateo Ricci – respected Chinese culture
• Discussed Science o The pope said look it, we didn't get any converts.
• So if you believe in anything else that's bad
• EXCLUSIVIETY
• So Chinese was MADD
• Chinese was also mad that the Jessuits hid science from them
• They hid the Heliocentric Idea
• They were also mad that u couldn’t believe in other stuff
• Expelled many missionaries
• Japan o Had some success o But then Tokugawa expelled missionaries and crucified the rest o Only trades with Dutch

Islam
• Saudi Arabia o Abd al- Wahib
• Sunni Muslim
• He will start a new sect of Sunni called Wahibbes
• He felt Islam was morally decaying.
• We need a really strict form of Islam
• So very strict
Summaraize
• Europe on the rise
• Ottoman, Mughals, Japan, China, are looking inward o But will adapt pratical stuff like maps, clocks o Not adapt to interested in Natural Sciences o Don't want to question authority

Compare and contrast the slave systems in two of the follow regions between 1450 ad 1750 -middle east -Africa -Latin America

Anaylze the Economic/commercial change and continuities associated with ONE of the follows regions between 1200 CE and 1700 CE -The Indian Ocean -Central Asia -The Atlantic world

Anaylize the continuities and changes in one of the following trade routes from 600 to 1750 CE -Trans Saharan -Silk Road -Indian Ocean -Med Sea