Winston Churcill

WINSTON CHURCHILL

BIOGRAPHY
Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill was born on 30 November 1874 at Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire.
After being educated at Harrow, he went to the Royal Military Collage at Sandhurst
1898_Took part in the Battle of Omdurman
Supplied military reports to Daily Telegraph
He was also author of several massive historical Works which were as masterpieces: * The Story of the Malahand Field Force (1898) * The River War (1899) * London to Ladysmith (1900) * Liberalism and the Social Problem
As a statesman Churchill had recorded number of different Cabinet Offices:
1900_Became conservative member of the Parliament for Oldham
1904_Joined the Liberal Party
1905_Undersecretary at Colonial Office
1908_President of Board of Trade
1917_Minister of Munition
1919-21_Secretary of Stat efor War and Air
1924-29_Chancellor of Exchequer
1939(when the war broke out)_First Lord of the Admiralty
1940_Resigned as Prime Minister
1945(post war election)_Lost power but he was the leader of the opposition party
1951_Became PM again. He resigned in 1955 but remained as PM.
1953_ Won the Nobel Prize for literature
24 January 1965_died
Except these, his skill as a painter is well-known and landscapes from his brush hae found a honoured place in the homes of eminent art collectors.
Churchill was the dominating figüre among the democratic leaders in the conflict for Nazi-Fascist dictators. His clever and fertile intellect, ever-youthful courage, power of firm, self confident decisions were the qualities in the wartime.

FAMOUS SPEECHES OF WINSTON CHURCHILL FOR CALLING FOR THE UNITED STATES OF EUROPE

1) ZURICH UNIVERSITY/ 19 SEPTEMBER 1946
In his speech, Churchill pleaded fort he creation of a United States of Europe. This concept of “United States of Europe” was not new. It had been advocated by M. Briand 20 years earlier, but at that time aroused little enthusiasm for it.
He emphasized that in this urgent work, France and Germany must take the lead together. Great Britain, the British Commonwealth of Nations, mighty America and Soviet Russia must be friends and sponsors of the new Europe and must champion its right tto live.
Churchill saw in his furtherance a real contribution of statesmanship which he might make to the World order of the future. Six years before, in the bitterist crisis of the war, he had invited France to frderate with British Empire and Commonwealth. With this speech, he began tp press for a yet longer federation which would include all the free democracies of Western Europe. 2) THE UNITED EUROPE MEETING/14 MAY 1947/ SPEECH AT THE ALBERT HALL
According to Churchill, if European unity is to be made an effective reality before it is too late, the whole hearted efforts both of France and Britain will be needed from the outset. They must be founder-partners in this movement.
In the meeting, the central and almost the most serious problem which glores upon the Europe of today was implied as the future of Germany. Without solution of this problem, there can be no United Europe because economic suffocation will inevitably turn their thoughts to revolt and revenge. Germany today lies prostrate and famishing among ruins. Obviously no initiative can be expected from her. It is for France and Britain to take the lead. Together they must bring the German people back into the European circle.
He expressed that strong bonds of affection, mutual confidence, common interest and similar outlook link France and Britain together. There was also another leading member of family of nations which is Italy. There is need for reconciliation with German race and the ending of the fearful quarrels that have ruined them, and almost ruined all Europe.
He hopes to see a Europe where men of every country will think as much of being European as belonging to their native land and they will feel whereever they move “ Here I am at home.”
Churchill tries to explain what United Europe means clearly by asking this question: “ What are the political and physical boundaries of the United Europe?”
He explains that we seek to exclude no state whose territory lies in Europe and which assures its people apply those fundamental personal rights and liberties on which their democratic European civilisation has been created.
Another Title: the USA
Churchill said that when he first began writing about the Unites States of Europe, 15 years ago of this meeting, he wondered whether the USA would regard such a development as contrary to their interest and safety. But the whole movement of American opinion is favorable to revival and recreation of Europe.
Dominions of Great Britain
Churchill clarifies that in Great Britain they have always to think of the British self-governing dominions: Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa. They nay be sure that the cause of United Europe will in no way be contrary to the sentiments which join them all together with their Dominions in the august circle of the British Crown.
Furthermore, United Europe is not a sinister plot against Soviet Russia. The whole purpose of a united democratic Europe is to give decisive guarantees against agression.
After the 1st Great War, the League of Nations tried to build, without the aid of the USA, an international order upon a weak, divided Europe. Today, after the Second World War, Europe is far weaker and still more distracted. Therefore, the creation of an authoritative and powerful World order is the ultimate aim.

3) THE CONGRESS OF EUROPE/SPEECH AT THE HAGUE/ 7 MAY 1948
After speech at Zurich in 1946, since British United Europe Movement was launched in 1947, events carried their expecttations beyond his expectations. Great governments have banded themselves together with all their executive power. For examplethe USA poused the Marshall Plan. 16European states associated for eonomic purposes and 5 them have enteredinto close economic and military relationship.
The mission of United Europe: * Movement stands the idea of Charter of Human Rights * Guarded by freedom and sustained by law. * It is impossible to seperate economics and defence from the general political structure. They should be accompanied step by step with a parallel policy of closer political unity. * The most important quaota of Churchill to express mission of United Europe: “We welcome any country where the people own the government, not the government the people.”
The purpose of the conference was the purpose of starting a “Congress of Europe”, a non-governmental assembly which should bring representatives of the free nations of Europe into systematic consultation with a view to the promotion of European federation.
Churchill always believed that Council of Europe was a subordinate but necessary part of the World organisation. The design for World Government might have followed the system of 3 or more groups of armies (for peace) under one supreme head quarters:
1) Soviet Union
2) Council of Europe
3)The USA and her sister republics in Western Hemisphere
For Churchill, it was perhaps unfortunate thet he held the post of Leader of the Conservative Party, this made his activities for European Unity suspect to a considerable section of the Labor Party, although they had publicly adopted the same policy; number of sympathizers were officially discouraged from attending the Hague Congress. 4) UNITED EUROPE EXHIBITION/DANLAND HALL/17 NOVEMBER 1948
Churchill’s offer: Not attempting form too precisely the exact constitutional form which will ultimately emerge. He believed that they could do better to concentrate the progress which has already been made in the field of “intergovernmental cooperation” during last 12 months.
According to Churchill, immediate creation of European Assembly is needed. French and Belgian governments were also agreed to this idea of Churchill.
Characteristics of the Assembly should be: * The Assembly must be consultative in character and can have no legislative or constitution-making power. * It will perform an essebtial task an done which cannot be performed by governments: * The task of creating a European public opinion * Sense of solidarity among the people of Europe * This means that European Assembly should not involve transfer of sovereignty and raises no constitutional problems.

Britain which had declined to participate in the EDC negotiations, suggested after the initiative collapsed tthat West Germany could accede to the Brussels Treaty, originally signed in 1948 by Britain, France and other Western European states as a defensive alliance against Germany.
British hesitancy flowed from a belief that Britain’s commercial and military interest existed outside the continent as much as within it. Its priority on the continent was to secure an American commitment to the defence of Europe. Brussels Treaty of 1948 laid the foundation fort his and North Atlantic Treaty of 1949 provided the superstructure. Clearly, Britain preferred intergovernmental options rather thansupranational ones. Thus, when the Franch proposed supranationalism as a way to tie Germany into Western Europe, Britain was supportive but not interested in participating
The Schuman Plan proposed a European Union based on Francıo-German reconciliation but Britain was absent and content to remain so. The British did not have a German dilemma,in that they were committed to German reconstruction with or without integration.=Commonwealth and colonies= Atlantic Alliance fit to Britain.