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Wind power
Wind Energy
Technology
IEEE PES
22 July 2008

JP Lyons - Novus Energy Partners
Bob Thresher – NREL Wind Tech Center
Mike Robinson – NREL Wind Tech Center
Paul Veers – Sandia National Labs

Modern Wind Turbines

Electrical Pitch
Drives

GE 1.5sl
• 1.5 MW
• 77 M Rotor Diameter
• 50-100 M Tower

Doubly-Fed
Generator

• 98% Availability
• Speed 10-20 RPM

Main Shaft &
Bearing

• Variable Pitch

Gearbox

Epoxy-Glass
Composite Blades
Transformer &
Electrical

Power Electronic
Converter

2/
July, 2008

Vestas V100-2.75

Land Based Technology
•
•

80-100m tapered cylindrical steel towers

•

3 stage gearbox

•

Distributed component drivetrain

•
Clipper 2.5-93

1.5 -3.0 MW upwind configuration

Full span pitch control

•

200+MW Windfarms

Capacity Factor = (Annual Yield MWHrs)/(24*365*Power Rating)

Performance
•

97+% Availability

•

40+% CF at IEC-II 8.5 m/s

•

CF% +10 pts in last 5 yrs

•

~65 kWhr/kg tower top mass
GE 2.5xl

3/
July, 2008

Blades

4/
July, 2008

Wind Energy Conversion

Rotor power: P = 1/2 cp ρAvw3 cp - rotor power coefficient ρ - air density
A - rotor swept area
Ideal cp = 0.593 (Betz factor) where V2 = 1/3 V1 (wind velocity slows by 2/3)
Tip speed ratio: λ = vt / vw cp = f(λ)
“Windturbines: Fundamentals, Technologies, Application and Economics”, Erich Hau, ISBN: 3540570640; (April 30, 2000)

5/
July, 2008

Wind
Turbine
Dynamics

Periodic Forces Excite Mechanical System
• dominated by blade passing frequency (BP)
• 3P - wind shear, yaw error, tower shadow
• 1P - rotor unbalance gravity
• P - rotational frequency

Turbine Natural Frequencies
•
•
•
•
•

Tower bending modes
Blade flap bending mode
Blade flutter & torsional modes
Yaw system torsional mode
Drive train torsional oscillation

“Windturbines: Fundamentals, Technologies, Application and Economics”, Erich Hau, ISBN: 3540570640; (April 30, 2000)

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