As we move on to learn more about controversial history, Nevins & Commager in their second article "Developing Americanism" talk utterly about the Americans. In this, they talk more about the developing identity of the settlers and therefore state "By 1775, a distinctly American society, with its own social, economic, and political traits was emerging" (2), but coming to reality, they were just Englishmen who came to a new place. Consequently, the "emerging American society" was based on English traditions, language and laws. Nevins & Commager by themselves say "….which made the English language and English insti¬tutions everywhere dominant." The only thing that was uncommon was the religion as stated "All non-Catholic faiths were encouraged, and Anglicans, Moravians, Presbyterian, Anabaptists, Lutherans, and Jews worshipped side by side" (Nevins & Commager,) Moving on, Nevins & Commager first state "At the time of the Revolution three fourths of the white colonists were still of British blood", and later they write "It is clear that even during the colonial era America was something of a melting pot." Again it clearly shows that the work is biased as Nevins & Commager don 't agree with themselves. Therefore, it leads us to the fact that controversial history exists.
As it is stated before, history is a subject based on interpretation and this is the reason why history is full of controversies. It is controversial because people do not want to admit some details of the actual truth; rather, they are too ethnocentric to believe that their country had done wrong, so the truth gets bent or re-shaped. Hence is why some believe that the holocaust never happened. Controversial history does not exist in every source. It depends on the historian that how has he gathered the information, in other words, what source is used. To gather information, historians have to do plenty of research from either of the two sources, primary or secondary. Primary sources are original records created at the time historical events occurred. Primary sources may include letters, diaries, newspapers, speeches, interviews, etc. These sources serve as the raw material to understand the past and are also used to write secondary sources. Secondary sources are records of the words of someone who didn 't actually witness a historical event, but investigated the primary sources. These include books, journals, articles, etc. Primary sources can sometimes be interpreted but it is mostly the secondary sources that contain most of the interpretations also known as biased work. As most facts don 't speak for themselves, it is compulsory for the author to give it a shape. In order to give it a shape, opinions must be added. At various places in the text, the author may embellish and/or omit crucial details, based upon what they think is more important. Bias is the adding of opinion or favoritism in a text. When a text is biased, it no longer can be counted as a credible source. So the role of bias in interpreting history is extremely important therefore students need to know how to evaluate a good source. Developing techniques may help in evaluating a biased work. A student can assess the credibility of history and historians by asking several questions: 1) Who is the author? 2) When and where was the text written? 3) What was the purpose for writing it? 4) Is the author fair enough in his writing or is he one-sided? 5) What evidence is given to support the thesis? When a student has answered the following questions, he can compare the work of the author with another author 's text that is based on the same topic. By comparing them, the student might reach a conclusion and tell whether it a good historical source.
Most of the historical texts may contain interpretations and so is its nature. Biased work may be found almost in every historical text. So one needs to find out what the truth is and what 's false. This can be done by the several methods as given above. Conclusively, it is important to add interpretations for attracting people to read it, but at the same time, interpretations should not be from one point of view.
BibliographyLapsansky-Werner, Roberts, et al. United States History. Prentice Hall, 2008.
Nevins, Allan, and Henry Steele Commager. A Pocket History of the UnitedStates. Pocket, 1989.
Zinn, Howard. A People 's History of the United States. Harper Perennial ModernClassics, 2005.
Bibliography: apsansky-Werner, Roberts, et al. United States History. Prentice Hall, 2008. Nevins, Allan, and Henry Steele Commager. A Pocket History of the UnitedStates. Pocket, 1989. Zinn, Howard. A People 's History of the United States. Harper Perennial ModernClassics, 2005.
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