People were also forced into conversion. Charlemagne led campaigns against the Frisians and the Saxons killing
People were also forced into conversion. Charlemagne led campaigns against the Frisians and the Saxons killing
The Crusades were foremost an expression of Papal authority. One of the factors in causing the Crusades was political gain and economic benefit. Pope…
The rise of the papacy came at a time when the Roman Empire collapsed and there was chaos as it related to the bishops who held office in Rome and what religion would be at the forefront of the representation of the west or east of Rome since its demise. The term “papacy” (papatus), meant to distinguish the Roman bishop’s office from all bishoprics (episcopatus), and The Head of the Roman Catholic Church the pope is considered the successor of Peter and the vicar of Christ (Elwell, p. 888). The “pope” is a terms of endearment which means “father” and this was the title of the most important and influential bishops in the early church. The church at Rome nevertheless enjoyed and wanted to preserve the original apostolic faith and the prominence, and they as bishops also owned its apostolic “founders” and to its political setting, and this led to the inspiration of these bishops to exercise greater leadership in Rome and abroad (Elwell, p. 888). Most emperors and patriarchs of Constantinople, challenged the bishops and their beliefs by saying that the church in Rome is new and improved but that they are still believe in the old Roman church. The popes or bishops were not moved by their words and they knew that they were not living up to the apostolic ways of the founding fathers who came before them and that their primacy was derived from Peter and not from their political setting which in turn made their claim to fame to be truly based upon the “apostolic”(Elwell, p. 888). The Apostle Peter was sent to Rome by Jesus to build God’s Church. In Matthew 16:18, NLT, says 18 Now I say to you that you are Peter (which means ‘rock’),[a] and upon this rock I will build my church, and all the powers of hell[b]…
Once the Roman empire collapsed, Christian Europeans civilizations began to emerge in Western Europe. The Frankish rule the emerged from within Rome established a Christian state that lasted that was founded by Clovis and was continually passed down to the sons from the Merovingians founded by Clovis, the Carolingians led by Charles Martel and Pepin III, to the age of Charlemagne following Pepin’s death. Although Charlemagne’s empire was able to improve the status of Western Europe, after Charlemagne’s death divisions among the heirs to the empire and a myriad of invasions led to the collapse of the empire. The Crusades began as a concerted effort to curb the influence of Islam and increase the unity between European Christians, however they ultimately did achieve their original goals. In the 12th century Henry II instituted reforms that simplified the judicial system and establish English common law. Lastly, the Hundred year conflict between England and France destabilized Europe affecting almost all areas of society.…
During the years 400-600, the kingdom border changed by cause of these wars. During this chaotic turbulence, the church stood by Rome and helped them get through the war by providing safety and strength. A Germanic tribe named the Franks took over the entire Germanic tribes, led by a strong leader by the name of Clovis. The Franks controlled a big part of Europe. Charles Martel, the mayor of the palace, expanded regions in the north, south, and eastern parts, thereby defeating the Muslims.…
In the case of the emperors, their authority had been transformed into something more ephemeral. “Emperors”, states John Larner, “when they intervened in Italy, appear as ghosts feared at first through their re-evocation of the past, yet soon mocked with the swift realisation of their impotent insubstantiality”. The empire, it seemed, was to be progressively confined only to the German lands; the emperors’ powers being checked from within by the great princes and city-states of empire, and from abroad, by the defiant will of regional kings. The authority of the other universal power, the papacy, by all appearances, was in decline also. The papacy’s sphere of influence apparently shrinking, with its attention primarily focused on France and the states of Italy. This appeared to be exacerbated by the Avignon Captivity which supposedly subjected the papacy to the will of the French monarchy. Seemingly, in the words of Joseph Strayer, the idea of the universal empires “had never been anything but a dream”. Yet, this commonly held conclusion; that fourteenth-century witnessed the final breaking of the authority of the universal powers, is questionable. As Watts explains, although few emperors invaded Italy after the 1320s, “the ideal of a universal secular prince certainly persisted”, as its jurisdictional claims “could not easily be…
This is relevant because then in Europe crusaders would sometimes turn their fury towards Jews sometimes massacring entire cities.…
“From this account and from his work a remarkably vivid picture can be formed of a dignified, majestic figure, striving to make the transition from warlord to ruler of a great Christian empire, and having remarkable success” (Roberts). Soon after his death, Charlemagne’s empire collapsed. However, he left in place a structure that allowed Christianity to flourish in Europe. Charlemagne’s empire cemented Christianity as the dominant religion in Europe because of his efforts in forming a strong alliance between the church and government, his success in teaching through the scriptures, and his military success in conquering and converting pagan territories. Charlemagne’s alliance between the church and state ingrained and spread Christianity by creating a lasting political structure which involved both counts and bishops. These alliances also legitimized the Pope’s position. Additionally, Charlemagne provided the church with land, which gave it power. Furthermore, Charlemagne combined education with learning Christianity by creating a center of learning where priests would read and teach the Holy Scriptures. These educated bishops and priests were appointed to key positions throughout the empire. During his rule, Charlemagne’s military campaigns helped spread Christianity by forcing people to obey the Christian Church and by eliminating any competition the church had at that time.…
It is important however to remember that the pope had never had much direct political power in England. He had no army and no proper tax base therefore he could not invade except through an alliance with secular allies. Indeed he blocked Henry 's dispensation to divorce Catherine of Aragon, but a king who was less worried about his soul and his wife’s nephew, the emperor, invading would probably just have ignored his commands. The king had also always had lots of power over the church. Political partnerships between kings, their bishops and abbots had always been a feature of the church, and this war true throughout the period 1485-1529. Henry VII enjoyed a very close relationship with the church through Cardinal John Morton, who was not only Archbishop of Canterbury but enjoyed secular power too as Lord Chancellor. Bishop Richard Foxe was also important to Henry Tudor and these senior figures of the clergy helped Henry develop his tax policies, while at the same time, Benefit of Clergy and other privileges of the church were untouched by the king. This close relationship between church and crown continued for the first twenty years of Henry CIII’s reign, as demonstrated by his long reliance and trust for Cardinal…
After the split of the empire in the 4th century, the Western empire began facing many attacks by barbarians invading the country. During this time of great confusion, bishops helped stabilize Rome against the barbarian invasions. “Some bishops of the church compromised with the barbarians in hope of achieving an ultimate good”.2 Also because some feared that if they tried to tax the church, God would punish them severely by taking away their kingdom.3 This shows the influential power of the church by using religion and God to scare some of the barbarians. Because of the lack of power of the state at this time, the bishops also became the protectors somewhat.…
As the church’s power declined, the monarchs began to rise in power. The monarch’s rise in power encouraged and established absolutism, such as in England, Spain, and France. During this period, the Protestant Reformation and the Enlightenment were occurring. After the Crusades, Italian city-states such as Florence, Milan, Venice and Genoa, became wealthy merchants…
After the fall of Rome, no single state or government united the people who lived on the European continent. Instead, the Catholic Church became the most powerful influence of the medieval period. Kings, queens…
Secondly, Pope Urban may have called for a Crusade for his own personal gain. Pope Urban would have realized that if he didn’t take action against the Muslims then he would loose power to them, as well as land and security. Therefore, Urban would only become more powerful if he called for a Crusade. This is because if he defeated the Muslims they would have to respect him more, and he would be seen as more powerful in everyone’s eyes as he led a Crusade. Urban probably also realized that Crusades sometimes resulted in more riches and resources, which he would have kept for himself making him richer and higher up in the Feudal system.…
In ancient Greece there was a situation where there were multiple city-states in a relatively small area that all had different political ideologies. These City States had highly regarded philosophers that wrote great lengths about them. This gives us a great foundation to try to understand the different systems and how they were based. The goal is to analyze some of the different ideologies and find why they were thought to be so good, and what made them good.…
Inversely, the effects seen on religious groups and cities allow for the change into to current state of the Christian Church, Islamic religion, and the Holy Land itself. Impacted by the Crusades, the Christian Catholic Church witnessed the temporary power of the papacy and wealth of the Church, while allowing unbiblical doctrines to seep into practices of the Church. As the need and interest for the Crusades grew, likewise, the head of command for the Crusade, the papacy also grew in power. Looked up to by the peasants and volunteers for the holy war cause, as Bollinger notes, “they [the papacy] were able to extend their powers in both secular and sacred matters” (200). Similar to years before with the European kings, the papacy readily went…
Once the protestant reformation started and warfare had been happening. The declines of popes had begun to start.…