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One thing that had changed in Russia from when Alexander had come into power in 1881 was that there was increased repression regarding politics. The Statue of State Security was introduced which brought government-controlled courts into the country and could now put on trial political opponents and they could also be arrested too without the need of a jury. This shows change as a lot harsher punishments were introduced that could be imposed on opponents of the government such as being sent to and exiled in Siberia and being hunted down by the Okhrana – Russia’s secret police. Although there was repression of political opponents before Alexander III’s reign, the punishment wasn’t as harsh and the violence that was encouraged by extremist groups was a lot more widespread and happened regularly compared to when Alexander III had introduced the Statue of State Security where attacks were something that didn’t happen as often. Therefore, it contributes to the idea that Russia was unrecognisable in 1894 compared with 1881.…
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When Alexander III took power in 1881, he introduced is manifesto in the April of that year stating all of his intention being the Tsar. With the assassination of his father by democrats, he did all in his power to avenge him by introducing laws, which went against democratic views.…
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The question is focused on the challenges mounted to Tsarist rule in the given period, and the extent to which divisions among opposition groups contributed to their failure. Answers may consider the four main strands of opposition, their internal divisions and their intolerance of each other. A tradition of revolutionary activity was established by the Populists and their appeal to the peasants, though they were weakened by the assassination of Alexander II and the repression established by Alexander III. The Social Revolutionaries tried to gain support among both peasants and townspeople, but were divided between anarchists and revolutionaries. The Social Democrats split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks at the 1903 Congress, while the Liberals did not establish distinctive parties until after the 1905 Revolution. A simple description of some of the revolutionary parties will be marked within Levels 1 and 2, and progression will depend on the range and depth of relevant material.…
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As well as this, Universities came under Government control. This meant that University students could not spread anti-Tsarist ideas as they were brainwashed that Tsarism was the best. In 1881, Pobedonestev enforced orthodoxy, this together with the censorship of many newspapers prevented the spread of anti-Tsarist ideas and ideals of democracy failed to reach people in Russia. An example of this is that Herzen’s book ‘The Bell’ was banned in Russia due to its anti-Tsarist ideas but was still smuggled in.…
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Many of the opposition fled to other European countries where they continued to plot against the Tsar. This shows how Alexander lll had caused Russia to go back in progress politically by exiling all of their possible contenders. This allowed the Tsar to have much more control over Russia much like before Alexander ll reign. The persecution of Jews caused many to join radical parties and organisations. This shows us how there was not even the slightest bit of democracy within Russia, and how Alexander lll had caused Russia to go back in progress. Another major problem in Russia was the growing population of peasants. This caused famines within Russia in 1892 and 1893. This famine was a cause of many peasants death which shows how Russia did not have the money or resources to keep up with their growing population. This showed a lack in progress as they could not even support their country’s people with…
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| * The land given to the peasants was not of good quality, the peasants also had to pay the state long term installments. The peasants were also responsible to the village commune that forced them to pay their installments and not be free of the land. * The local assemblies couldn’t attain much because of the interruption of bureaucrats afraid that it would turn into a self –government. * Alexander’s reform policies led to increasing reform movements that led to a populist group assassinating him, making his son turn against any reform and go back to repression. His reform policies also set the foundation for the fall of Russia’s Monarchy in 1917.…
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He introduced other new reforms in 1864 such as allowing to elect councils for each city to administer local affairs and the councils were able to take decisions such as building schools, roads, hospital and etc. There was an attempt of assassination on Alexander II but failed. In October, 1879 group of terrorist came to live and were called People's Will and wanted to assassinate Alexander II and they even tried to several times but failed. The People's WIll contacted the Russian governmHe ent and offered a deal which was stopping the terror campaign in return they demand a constitution that provided free elections and an end to censorship for the Russian people. And on 25th of February, 1880, Alexander accepted to consider the People's Will demand to grant a constitution for the Russian people. He tried to keep the reformers satisfied but at the same time…
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An aspect of the Soviet Union that changed between 1801 and 1939 was the shift of the government from a czar ruled totalitarian government to a more distributed communist government. In March of 1801, Paul I was killed and his son Alexander I of Russia was appointed the ruler. Czar Alexander I was not too harsh of a leader. He led a government that was not too strict upon its people unlike his father. But this changed when the next czar came into power, Nicholas I in 1825. Anybody who was leading or supporting the Decembrist Revolt was executed. Nicholas I undid everything that Alexander I did. He censored media, ran secret police, and exiled 150,000 people. Alexander II was the next one in power who was extremely different from Nicholas I. He freed the serfs but did not let them leave. But he did allot power to the people by creating local councils called Zemstvos to give them control of their land and women the right to vote. Alexander III went back into a strict totalitarian government, censoring media and deploying secret police. Alexander III also wanted all Russian minorities to speak Russian and convert to Russian Orthodox. Russian Jews were specifically targeted; they had to live in ghettos and eventually many Jews fled to the United States. The last of the czars in this time period, Nicholas II, came into power in 1894. A decade after his appointment, over three thousand workers grouped outside the czar’s palace asking for reforms. The czar was not home, but he still did not approve the order to fire at the protestors. In order to bring back his name, he enabled a national assembly called Duma that would allow the people of Russia to elect. As one of his reforms, he gave more land to…
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After the defeat in the Crimean war Alexander II knew that he had to make new choices if he wanted Russia to get its reputation back, since it had lost its great martial power, which the country took pride in. Alexander II learned that the system that the country had been following all this time was not good enough and needed to change.…
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Traditionally it is assumed that he was a reactionary, unlike the reformer his father, Alexander II, had been. However, as so often the case, this interpretation of Alexander III’s rule is undisputed. There is much reason to believe that despite some different policies, ultimately both men wanted to reach the same goals. Alexander III unquestionably did undermine the reforming policies of his father, but the underlying reasons for this are not so obvious.…
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In the early nineteenth century, Napoleon Bonaparte was conquering much of Europe and was beginning to move his way towards Russia. After Napoleon fled Russia, Alexander led his troops across Europe to beat Napoleon and free the different countries from the French rule. Most of the Russian army had never left Russia and they quickly saw how much more advanced Western Europe was compared to Russia. They were confused as to how the west, who had underwent many years of war and oppression from Napoleon, still lived better than they did. There was a new hope for a constitution since they fought for the rest of Europe and gave them back their freedom, Alexander would grant the same freedoms to the Russians and they had restored their faith in the government and Alexander.…
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Some may argue that Emancipation was an ultimately successful endeavour as it brought about both fundamental and necessary change, and whilst it is true that there were various factors that ensured the development of Russia from a backward thinking and archaic nation that relied very much on what was -in flourishing western countries – a repressive and outdated feudal system, the ill-considered and very evidently selfish way in which this much needed reform was executed meant that despite some factors, from which the development and modernisation of Russia’s class system itself were enabled, for Alexander II were exactly the opposite of what he had been attempting to achieve, in increasing his chances of retaining power by preventing revolution and furthering Russia’s position within the world. For this reason it is difficult to claim Emancipation was a success in terms of what the clearly power-conscious Tsar set out to accomplish, when many of its key aspects were redundant and others provided a catalyst for consideration of concepts of political activism or further revolution, an unwanted and unanticipated advancement,…
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The Russian people wanted the government to change. There had been a dramatic increase in the number of radical newspapers. Therefore, people did not want a conservative reformation, but a radical revolution. They also did not trust the current government, because of many reasons, one of them being Rasputin.…
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Explain why Alexander II introduced further reforms following the Emancipation Edict of 1861. (12 marks)…
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By 1917, Russia was chaotic, the government had been thoroughly corrupted, strikes were rampant and all happening at once. The World War I had begun and Russia was having many casualties due to being ill - equipped against industrialized Germany, and amidst the countries it was the one to receive most damage. Due to the german attacks the Russian economy had been falling apart, and such a situation was only useful to the radicals, as they used it as an opportunity to join with the moderates among other forces, in order to overthrow the Czar and achieve their revolutionary goals. As time passed Russia’s situation only deteriorated, demonstrators and protestants took over the streets, the king’s armies killed many of them, but they still continued to attack full force. Then when an army took the protestants side, the tables flipped, Nicholas II, the Czar at the time was forced to abdicate his throne and so freed Russia of over four centuries of Czarist…
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