Vegetative reproduction
Vegetative reproduction (vegetative propagation, vegetative multiplication, vegetative cloning) is a form of asexual reproduction in plants. It is a process by which new individuals arise without production of seeds or spores. It can occur naturally or be induced by horticulturists.
Although most plants normally reproduce sexually, many have the ability for vegetative propagation, or can be vegetatively propagated if small pieces are subjected to chemical (hormonal) treatments. This is because meristematic cells capable of cellular differentiation are present in many plant tissues. Horticulturalists are interested in understanding how meristematic cells can be induced to reproduce an entire plant.Aromatic hydrocarbon or arenes are the compounds of carbon and hydrogen which contain at least one hexagonal ring of carbon called as benzene in their molecule. Aromatic hydrocarbon can contain one or more than one benzene ring. Those compounds which contain more than one benzene ring are known as polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon like naphthalene, anthracene etc. The aromatic compounds are generally taken as derivatives of benzene.
Benzene and its derivatives are mainly used in synthetic organic chemistry. The main source of polynuclear aromatic compounds is coal tar. For example, naphthalene is the largest single constituent (6 - 10%) of coal tar. It is mainly found in middle oil fraction of coal tar distillation. Anthracene is mainly extracted from green oil fraction of coal tar. Generally polynuclear aromatic compounds are carcinogenic and toxic in nature.
Benzene is the simplest aromatic compound with C6H6 molecular formula and contains three pi bonds arranged in alternate manner in hexagonal ring. The carbon-carbon bond length in benzene is intermediate to C - C single bond (154 pm) and C = C double bond (134 pm) that is 139 pm due to resonance in molecule. It exists in two resonating structures purposed by Kekulé in 1865.
Physical Properties of Benzene
Although most plants normally reproduce sexually, many have the ability for vegetative propagation, or can be vegetatively propagated if small pieces are subjected to chemical (hormonal) treatments. This is because meristematic cells capable of cellular differentiation are present in many plant tissues. Horticulturalists are interested in understanding how meristematic cells can be induced to reproduce an entire plant.Aromatic hydrocarbon or arenes are the compounds of carbon and hydrogen which contain at least one hexagonal ring of carbon called as benzene in their molecule. Aromatic hydrocarbon can contain one or more than one benzene ring. Those compounds which contain more than one benzene ring are known as polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon like naphthalene, anthracene etc. The aromatic compounds are generally taken as derivatives of benzene.
Benzene and its derivatives are mainly used in synthetic organic chemistry. The main source of polynuclear aromatic compounds is coal tar. For example, naphthalene is the largest single constituent (6 - 10%) of coal tar. It is mainly found in middle oil fraction of coal tar distillation. Anthracene is mainly extracted from green oil fraction of coal tar. Generally polynuclear aromatic compounds are carcinogenic and toxic in nature.
Benzene is the simplest aromatic compound with C6H6 molecular formula and contains three pi bonds arranged in alternate manner in hexagonal ring. The carbon-carbon bond length in benzene is intermediate to C - C single bond (154 pm) and C = C double bond (134 pm) that is 139 pm due to resonance in molecule. It exists in two resonating structures purposed by Kekulé in 1865.
Physical Properties of Benzene