Preview

Using Long Term Covered Call Options to Combat Debt

Good Essays
Open Document
Open Document
476 Words
Grammar
Grammar
Plagiarism
Plagiarism
Writing
Writing
Score
Score
Using Long Term Covered Call Options to Combat Debt
In recent years especially with the financial crisis, a number of countries have found themselves needing a bail out of some sort. From the PIGS of Europe to South Asia and Africa. What all these countries have/had in common was the need for funds to facilitate a bailout of their faltering economies especially the banking sector.
Like the countries that need a bail LDC always need money to finance their debt and pay off any interest especially in time of uncertainty. The purpose of this paper is to present a way for such countries to meet their financial needs and to protect their banking sectors. Unlike businesses or corporations, countries have access to natural resources which can be got and sold on the world market for a profit. Some countries even have an immediate market for their minerals like oil and gold.
Almost all LDCs and a number of the other countries that needed bail out funds, have these resources that can be sold for profit. However in a situation where quick funds are needed, selling these resources would take a considerably long period of time which is not available at that instance. This can be remedied by the sell of long term covered call options on the resources of the different countries that need the funds.
An options strategy is when an investor holds a long position (owns the asset: in our case mineral) in an asset and writes (sells) call options on that same asset in an attempt to generate increased income from the asset. This strategy is often employed when an investor has a short-term neutral view on the asset and for this reason holds the asset long and simultaneously have a short position via the option to generate income from the option premium.By selling Long term covered call options, the country makes money that not only can be used to fund bailouts but can also be used for other budgetary expenditures.
To expand on this proposal let us apply it to the recent bailout received the government of Cyprus to protect its

You May Also Find These Documents Helpful

  • Good Essays

    Gran Tierra Case Analysis

    • 851 Words
    • 4 Pages

    Reallocation of funds towards promising exploration and development in Columbia. This alternative is attractive due to the high upside per share of this option and external factors that have made previous projects in Columbia a success. The risk is option is the uncertainty of its…

    • 851 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Various finance ministers who had no central bank had relied on loans from other countries.…

    • 865 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    Fins1612 Notes

    • 17846 Words
    • 72 Pages

    The household and firms sectors can either be in surplus or deficit in terms of money. The ld financial sector’s purpose is to redistribute that money by taking surplus sector’s savings and lending that to the deficit sector. The financial sector makes money in this way by charging a sum for lending and also giving a small bonus to those that save. The financial sector is not in the middle of the diagram without reason. It is considered the lifeblood of the economy as it redistributes money to keep the flow of money goi The flow of going. money between sectors is what moves the economy. The Financial System The financial system’s function is to provide: • • • Investment products – such as shares and bank deposits. Risk management products – such…

    • 17846 Words
    • 72 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    Chpt 1 Sample

    • 21302 Words
    • 86 Pages

    11. The IMF is often seen as the lender of last resort to nation-states whose economies are in turmoil.…

    • 21302 Words
    • 86 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    To address the sovereign debt crisis, European Stabilization Mechanism (ESM) allowed the European Commission to raise funds by issuing bonds that using its own budget as collateral and then forwarding those funds on to struggling nations. European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) issued bonds and…

    • 428 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    The huge problems that these countries face show us that assistance from the rest of the world to allow LDC’s to even begin a process of development is necessary. Poor economic policies in the past that have left them economically isolated from the rest of the world, only further encouraged by bad governance and corruption have led to the poor situations that these countries now face. Only worsened by problems such as drought, desertification, civil war- which has killed more through famine and hunger than through actual conflict- and weak economies. Without any significant global position in the trading world, developing countries, mainly in Africa, are in desperate need of assistance.…

    • 1907 Words
    • 8 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Good Essays

    Geeli Case Model

    • 468 Words
    • 2 Pages

    Geeli has historically used only short-term domestic bank financing and hence the management is inexperienced in managing long term debt servicing. However, it is necessary to consider the various debt markets where Geeli can issue long term debt. The team evaluated the various debt markets based on the same base criterion as the equity markets (See Exhibit A). Firstly, Geeli can borrow from Chinese state owned commercial banks. However, most loans went to state owned companies. Due to high level of non-performing loans, government implemented policies that have discouraged inexperienced credit officers from lending to private firms. Thus, borrowing large amounts from domestic banks was politically risky and costly due to high premiums that credit officers may charge due the policy of ‘individual responsibility’. As an alternative, Geeli can raise money in the Chinese corporate bond market. However, the corporate bond sector in China has had a history of defaults that resulted in stringent listing requirements. All recent issuances have only been from ‘AAA’ rated state companies. Also, unfriendly bankruptcy procedures drove away potential creditors. These factors made domestic corporate issuance impossible. The next option was to borrow from foreign banks present in China. But they had limited presence in China. The foreign exchange controls very yet to be relaxed in 2005 which limited foreign banks access to clients in China. So Geeli has to wait for the WTO reforms to be implemented that would have fully opened Chinese markets to foreign banks. Additionally, RMB denominated loans in China had limited attraction to the foreign clients due to the 30% average recovery rate which is much lower than the 85% rate observed in US. This will mean foreign creditors will expect a significant premium for Geeli’s debt.…

    • 468 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    The IMF could provide loans to help the countries handle a shot term financial problems. The World bank could give them loans 15 to 20 yrs at lower interest rates than those charged by commercial banks.…

    • 327 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    [34] Krueger, Anne O. (2001). “A New Approach to Sovereign Debt Restructuring.” Address to Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, Delhi, India, December 20, http://www.imf.org/external/np/speeches/2001/112601.htm. [35] Krueger, Anne O. (2002). “Sovereign Debt Restructuring Mechanism-One Year Later.” Address to European Commission, Brussels, Belgium, December 10, http://www.imf.org/external/np/speeches/2002/121002.htm. [36] Krueger, Anne O. (2002). A New Approach to Sovereign Debt Restructuring. International Monetary Fund. [37] LoPucki, Lynn M. and Joseph W. Doherty. 2004. “The Determinants of Professional Fees in Large Bankruptcy Reorganization Cases.” Journal of Empirical Legal Studies. [38] McDonald, Robert P. 1982. International syndicated loans. London: Euromoney Publications. [39] Menezes, Flavio M., and Pitchford, Rohan, (2004)., “A Model of Seller Holdout”, Economic Theory, Vol. 24., No. 2, August . [40] Milivojevi´, Marko. 1985. The debt rescheduling process. New York: St. Martin’s Press. c [41] Miller, Ben (2009). “Ecuador Restructuring: Inside Job” Latin Finance, 1st July. [42] Pitchford, Rohan., and Wright Mark L J., Restructuring the Sovereign Debt Restructuring Mechanism, Mimeo, June 5, 2007. [43] Porzecanski, Arturo (2010) When Bad Things Happen to Good Sovereign Debt Contracts: The Case of Ecuador. (February 22, 2010). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1557040. [44] Reed, John S. 1987. “The Role of External Private Capital Flows,” in Growth-Oriented Adjustment Programs. Vittorio Corbo, Morris Goldstein and Mohsin Khan eds. Washington, D.C.: IMF and World Bank. [45] Richmond, Christine and Daniel A. Dias. 2007. Regaining Market Access: What Determines the Duration of Exclusion? Unpublished Paper, University of California Los Angeles. [46] Rubinstein, Ariel 1982. “Perfect Equilibrium in a Bargaining Model.” Econometrica, 50:1, pp. 97-110. [47] Shaked, Avner. 1994. “Opting Out: Bazaars versus ‘High Tech’ Markets.” Investigaciones Econ´micas, 18:3, pp. 421-32. o [48] Singh, Manmohan. 2003. “Recovery Rates from Distressed Debt - Empirical Evidence from Chapter 11 Filings, International Litigation, and Recent Sovereign Debt Restructurings.” IMF Working Paper, 03:161. [49] Spier, Kathryn E, (1992)., “The Dynamics of Pretrial Negotiation”., Review of Economic Studies, vol. 59, no. 1, January, pp. 93–108. 37…

    • 14900 Words
    • 60 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    The financial crisis in 2008 caused a global impact on the world`s economy. Starting with the real estate crash in the entire U.S. market, an increasing number of powerful banks suffered from the resulting credit defaults. The dependencies among the banks all over the world have spread the crisis to the financial markets overseas. Several governments have become increasingly important actors, with the aim to stabilize their domestic economy. Politicians agreed that the rescue of the banks was a necessary step on the way out of the crisis. In deciding to subsidize the banks, which have too much influence on the whole economy, Germany has become an appropriate example of how a government`s reaction could look like. This paper…

    • 1885 Words
    • 8 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Good Essays

    The government should show example of life without bailout. Most people do as they see not as they are told. If they would not get bailed out then they would start making smarter decisions.…

    • 267 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Thus, unless European creditors are willing to accept extension of the grace period for serving Greece’s entire debt stock to them plus future loans, the alternatives would be annual transfers to Greek budget or “deep upfront haircuts”.…

    • 1010 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    If the financial and economic mechanisms that led to this quite surprising crisis its suddenness, its magnitude and its rapid spread around the world, appear today relatively well identified, its immediate and impact in term of activity and exchanges are still made of strong uncertainties and raise many concerns. The current crisis is not a classical financial crisis, but a crisis of the world bank and insurance sector, today at the edge of collapse because legitimacy by an epidemic of "toxic debt".…

    • 2986 Words
    • 12 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Good Essays

    Last year, the government was studying proposals by investment banks to prefund the country’s financing…

    • 762 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    was on the verge of default. IMF came to the rescue and provided the necessary…

    • 3949 Words
    • 16 Pages
    Powerful Essays