Type 2 Diabetes Case Study
1. Introduction 22
Diabetes mellitus is the 7th leading cause of death in US. Diabetes is broadly classified into two 23 types: type I and type II. Type I diabetes is a result of insufficient insulin production by pancreas, 24 whereas type II diabetes is due to the body’s inability to use the insulin that is produced, hence the 25 name insulin resistance is used to refer to type II diabetes. Currently, individuals with diabetes are 26 able to monitor their blood glucose levels using a glucometer or a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) 27 in order to prevent further complications such as blindness, ketoacidosis, stroke and even 28 amputations. While the National Institute of Health, American Diabetes Association and Centers for 29 disease control …show more content…
Blood volume as small as 0.3 μL is sufficient for 56 glucose sensing. Since blood glucose monitoring via the use of glucometer requires frequent finger 57 pricking, this can be tedious and painful at times. A completely non-invasive GlucoWatch® G2 58 Biographer glucose monitoring device relies on reverse iontophoresis principle for measuring 59 glucose levels. It measures glucose in interstitial fluid. The negative charge of the skin at buffered pH 60 causes it to be permselective to cations such as sodium and potassium ions, allowing iontophoresis 61 which causes electroosmosis, by which neutral molecules, including glucose, are transported across 62 the skin. However, due to discrepancies in the glucose readings resulting from the interference of 63 sweat, the use of GlucoWatch was discontinued, leaving the glucometer and CGM devices as the 64 most commonly used glucose biosensors for blood glucose monitoring. 65 Although there has been a significant progress in the development of glucose sensors that are 66 more compact and easy to use, drawbacks such as calibration issues, bulkiness of the device, warm 67 up period and dependence
Diabetes mellitus is the 7th leading cause of death in US. Diabetes is broadly classified into two 23 types: type I and type II. Type I diabetes is a result of insufficient insulin production by pancreas, 24 whereas type II diabetes is due to the body’s inability to use the insulin that is produced, hence the 25 name insulin resistance is used to refer to type II diabetes. Currently, individuals with diabetes are 26 able to monitor their blood glucose levels using a glucometer or a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) 27 in order to prevent further complications such as blindness, ketoacidosis, stroke and even 28 amputations. While the National Institute of Health, American Diabetes Association and Centers for 29 disease control …show more content…
Blood volume as small as 0.3 μL is sufficient for 56 glucose sensing. Since blood glucose monitoring via the use of glucometer requires frequent finger 57 pricking, this can be tedious and painful at times. A completely non-invasive GlucoWatch® G2 58 Biographer glucose monitoring device relies on reverse iontophoresis principle for measuring 59 glucose levels. It measures glucose in interstitial fluid. The negative charge of the skin at buffered pH 60 causes it to be permselective to cations such as sodium and potassium ions, allowing iontophoresis 61 which causes electroosmosis, by which neutral molecules, including glucose, are transported across 62 the skin. However, due to discrepancies in the glucose readings resulting from the interference of 63 sweat, the use of GlucoWatch was discontinued, leaving the glucometer and CGM devices as the 64 most commonly used glucose biosensors for blood glucose monitoring. 65 Although there has been a significant progress in the development of glucose sensors that are 66 more compact and easy to use, drawbacks such as calibration issues, bulkiness of the device, warm 67 up period and dependence