Tuberulosis
Tuberculosis
Grand Canyon University NRS-427V
October 9, 2014
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is known to be amongst the leading causes of mortality and morbidity globally across all age groups with severity highest in developing countries. In 2011, TB prevalence was estimated at 125 incidences per 100, 000 population. This is an equivalence of 8.7 million cases with a range of 8.3million to 9 million with a majority (59%) of the cases occurring in Asia (Singh, Sankar, Kumar, Gopinath, Singh, et al. 2013). Pulmonary tuberculosis is described, in the ancient Greek medical literature, according to Karamanou & Androutsos (2012), as a disease characterized by a wasting resulting from a severe ‘emaciation from an ulcerated state of the lung.’ It is further described as a suppressed fever, which usually starts to manifest in the evening, but subsides with the onset of a new day. The symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis, which follows after the onset of the latent fever, include a lot of coughing (usually in a croaky or high pitched voice) and the discharge of sanious sputa (usually bright red in appearance at first, then turns grimy, then bluish or greenish and lastly white and purulent and the taste of the discharge is sweet or salty) (Karamanou & Androutsos, 2012). Additional symptoms include difficulties in breathing, flushed cheeks, and in a number of cases even an ashen colored body. Physically, the patient is emaciated and develops swollen feet, has a weak and a thick pulse, thick finger-ends, hooked nails, looses appetite for food, experiences heaviness in the damaged lung, and a stabbing pain arising from the ulceration (Karamanou & Androutsos, 2012).
Transmission of TB infection is exclusively through air and the risk of household transmission is greatest when patients have a sputum smear positive for the pulmonary disease. TB pathogenesis has been known to be influenced by various health
Grand Canyon University NRS-427V
October 9, 2014
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is known to be amongst the leading causes of mortality and morbidity globally across all age groups with severity highest in developing countries. In 2011, TB prevalence was estimated at 125 incidences per 100, 000 population. This is an equivalence of 8.7 million cases with a range of 8.3million to 9 million with a majority (59%) of the cases occurring in Asia (Singh, Sankar, Kumar, Gopinath, Singh, et al. 2013). Pulmonary tuberculosis is described, in the ancient Greek medical literature, according to Karamanou & Androutsos (2012), as a disease characterized by a wasting resulting from a severe ‘emaciation from an ulcerated state of the lung.’ It is further described as a suppressed fever, which usually starts to manifest in the evening, but subsides with the onset of a new day. The symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis, which follows after the onset of the latent fever, include a lot of coughing (usually in a croaky or high pitched voice) and the discharge of sanious sputa (usually bright red in appearance at first, then turns grimy, then bluish or greenish and lastly white and purulent and the taste of the discharge is sweet or salty) (Karamanou & Androutsos, 2012). Additional symptoms include difficulties in breathing, flushed cheeks, and in a number of cases even an ashen colored body. Physically, the patient is emaciated and develops swollen feet, has a weak and a thick pulse, thick finger-ends, hooked nails, looses appetite for food, experiences heaviness in the damaged lung, and a stabbing pain arising from the ulceration (Karamanou & Androutsos, 2012).
Transmission of TB infection is exclusively through air and the risk of household transmission is greatest when patients have a sputum smear positive for the pulmonary disease. TB pathogenesis has been known to be influenced by various health
References: Hargreaves, James R,PhD., M.Sc, Boccia, D., PhD., Evans, Carlton A, MD,PhD., D.T.M.&H., Adato, M., PhD., Petticrew, M., PhD., & Porter, John D H,M.D., M.P.H. (2011). The social determinants of tuberculosis: From evidence to action. American Journal of Public Health, 101(4), 654-62. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/860165706?accountid=35812 Karamanou, Marianna,M.D., PhD., & Androutsos, George,M.D., PhD. (2012). The masterful description of pulmonary tuberculosis by soranus of ephesus (c. 98-138 A.D.). American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 186(6), 571. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1058704435?accountid=35812 Kimbrough, W., Saliba, V., Dahab, M., Haskew, C., & Checchi, F. (2012). The burden of tuberculosis in crisis-affected populations: A systematic review. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 12(12), 950-65. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70225-6 Nolan, C. M., Blumberg, H. M., Taylor, Z., Bernardo, J., & al, e. (2005). American thoracic Society/Centers for disease control and Prevention/Infectious diseases society of america: Controlling tuberculosis in the united states. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 172(9), 1169-227. Singh J, Sankar MM, Kumar S, Gopinath K, Singh N, et al. (2013) Incidence and Prevalence of Tuberculosis among Household Contacts of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients in a Peri-Urban Population of South Delhi, India. PLoS ONE 8(7): e69730. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069730 Wallis, R. S., Pai, M., Menzies, D., Doherty, T. M., Walzl, G., Perkins, M. D., & Zumla, A. (2010). Tuberculosis 4: Biomarkers and diagnostics for tuberculosis: Progress, needs, and translation into practice. The Lancet, 375(9729), 1920-37.