• Neoclassical economics- o Cost-benefit calculation o Individual makes the decision o Migration stems from geographical differences in supply & demand for labor o More $, less labor. More labor, less $ (wages)
• New economics of labor migration- o Motivations go beyond cost-benefit analysis i.e. circular migrations b/c:
• Markets for goods & services may not exist. Info is scarce. Family o Migration decisions are by larger units of interrelated ppl. Ex: Mexicans diversify risks by sending family members to work in different labor markets
• World systems theory- o Changing global markets cause migration o Owners of firms in developed countries enter poor countries for land, labor, raw materials, and markets o Migration is a natural outgrowth of disruption that occurs in the process of market and economic/political penetration
• Segmented labor market theory- o International migration stems from demand of unskilled labor that’s built into economic structure of developed nations o Bifurcation of labor market. High paying jobs at top, low at bottom o Permanent demand for labor o Pull>push
1) Structural inflation- wages reflect social class → immigrant workers
2) Social constraints on motivation- always exists a bottom class. Immigrants=labor/income, no need for status
3) Duality of labor & capital- capital=fixed factor of production, can be idled but not laid off. Labor= variable factor, + → immigrants take labor jobs
• Social capital theory- o Virtual & actual resources, relationships can be translated into social & economic benefits. Each immigrant creates social capital to the ppl linked to him/her
• Cumulative causation of migration: self perpetuating b/c networks & social structure
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