In its ideal form there is no leeway
In its ideal form there is no leeway
References: Flynn, S.V., & Black, L. L. (2011) An Emergent Theory of Altruism and Self-Interest. Journal…
Though surely everyone has seen examples of seemingly unselfish behavior for deeper selfish reasons, it alone is not enough to support egoism.…
The psychologists seek to describe moral genealogy by explaining altruism in terms of the utility of altruistic actions. The utility of altruistic…
References: Krebs, D. L. (1970). Altruism: An examination of the concept and a review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 73(4), 258-302. doi:10.1037/h0028987…
Peter Singer enters a new section, entitled “Motivation and Justification”. Starting with chapter 7, he looks deep into the minds of altruists to figure out why they chose this type of lifestyle. What motivates these people to do so much for the sake of others (Singer, 2015, p.75)? The immediate answer Singer first throws out is love, but he later refutes it and proposes empathy as the prime motivation.…
Now, let’s look at a definition of altruism: Altruism involves the unselfish concern for other people. It involves doing things simply out of a desire to help, not because you feel obligated to out of duty, loyalty, or religious reasons. (psychology.about.com)…
Altruism is found in many animal species, and the origin lies deep in evolutionary history… In nonhuman animals, altruism includes parental care, warning calls, cooperative defense, rescue behavior, and food sharing; it may also involve self-sacrifice…[honeybee] barbs have been described as instruments of altruistic self-sacrifice. Although the individual dies, the bee’s genes, shared in the colony of relatives, survive. Human altruism also originates in, and helps serve, genetic purpose.22…
Selfishness is perceived as bad traits were societies only care for oneself (Selfishness, n.d.). Spencer (1897) explains that egoism takes place before altruism. Spencer (1897) strongly agrees with the evolution theory, saying that the only way for people to survive is to be selfish. It is believe that their own selfish motives are more important for their existence (Spencer 1897). It is because if an individual care or takes care of oneself first, this individual has more chance or surviving (Spencer, 1897). Whereas if people care for others more than themselves, this would lead to death for the individual meaningless care for others which can lead to extinction of species (Spencer, 1897). The less people on earth, the less problems people…
A civil rights activist named Martin Luther King Jr. once declared “He who passively accepts evil is as much involved in it as he who helps to perpetrate it. He who accepts evil without protesting against it is really cooperating with it.” King contemplates the issue of those who choose to condone the evil and injustice they see in the world, stating that those who grow complacent with the evil are comparable to those who cause the evil themselves. He condemns those who stand passively as others are mistreated or taken advantage of. In the same vein, an Irish salesman by the name of Edmund Burke proclaimed “The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing.”…
To determine altruism, it is important to identify some points of which the” egotistic and altruistic interpretation differ at a behavioral level” (Nier, 2010, p. 379). The conceptual distinction between egoism and altruism was determined to be first…
I can see how, at first glance, the example of the soldier seems to disprove psychological egoism. The soldier does not receive any kind of permanent reward nor does he protect his desire for self-preservation. And even though you cannot measure feelings, does the soldier not have them? When I think of "some good to himself," I cannot help but wonder what is meant by some good. Does the reward for an action need to be something tangible? The problem arises because we are not in the state of nature, but rather, have been reared in a society that values human life. We are taught important moral values from childhood on, helping form a conscience that tells us right from wrong. A common value is that we should protect loved ones, including friends and comrades. The soldier then, is able to act without thinking because the action complies with the moral code the soldier has developed in his life. Even though he cannot enjoy it, the action is motivated by his desire to not allow his comrades to die. This desire, although altruistic on the surface, can be seen from a self-interested perspective if you factor in the compliance to a moral code. Just because an act is motivated by self-interest does not mean that it cannot benefit others as well. Psychological egoism can be defended from the counterexamples of altruism by several methods. One defense, as stated before, is the compliance to some sort of moral code that has been established within individuals of a society. Also, a person may perform an apparent act of altruism because they expect to benefit in the future. For example, a person could call the owner of a lost wallet, not to truly help the other person, but in hopes of a reward for the good deed. This is because a helping act creates a debt…
One of the main parts of evolution is natural selection. Natural selection in evolution eliminates the weak from the animals most fit for their environment. If evolution is true why do animals do things that would be against the rules of natural selection?…
Altruism could be explained as a kindness, or a willing to treat others under any circumstances. Taking care homeless people or donating money to in the efforts to help recover after disasters is an example that people can do to help each other. I also believe that altruism could be expressed as an intrinsic trait or human nature because we do not acquire through educating. It is obviously in children who have not gotten the practical experience than the adults tend to help if someone needs them even a stranger. Affecting by many social factors, adults may think carefully about the decisions whether to help others in many situations because their kindnesses may cause more troubles as the result in return, such as the possible to be in the dangerous situations like we can see on the articles of the newspaper and news. These social factors influence the kindness or the willing of individual to help other are gender, the presence of other people, the timing, or the culture, etc. Therefore, altruism is a flexible behavior that may change the way we help depending on the…
I can reason with each of these reasons enough to understand the reasoning behind these objections. However; if an individual truly wants to give to charities and generate a real impact, they will question themselves while reading about effective altruists and ask themselves “what else can I do?” So, for the first argument I discussed an effective altruist would never feel satisfied with the amount they are giving, so they would not believe they are giving enough. An effective altruist would continuously find other ways to give as well. So, if you do usually think that you already give enough, why not try giving even five dollars additionally a month? All this would mean is sacrificing a trip to the coffee shop one morning. Then, maybe try donating ten dollars in addition than you originally are a month. This would be just two stops to your favorite coffee shop. In several cases, we can always give a little bit further than we are.…
According to University of Wisconsin–Madison philosophy research professor Elliott Sober, altruists and egoists can perform the same actions, but what distinguishes them apart is their motive. “If the choice is to help others and receive pleasure, or to not help and not receive pleasure, Extreme Egoists will help. In this case, however, helping others is a correlate, not a cause” (Sober 92). “Extreme Altruists” will make the same decision, “but they do not make this selection because they take an interest in their own pleasure. For Extreme Altruists, the pleasure that results from this choice is an artifact, not a cause” (Sober 91). In other words, egoists can help others if doing so aligns with their own intentions and satisfies their desires. Tajomaru’s seemingly self-sacrificing offers to the wife is truly egoistic because his offers were aimed at fulfilling his own selfish desires of getting the wife to leave with him. Also, when he kicked down the wife and asked the husband what he should do with her, he seemed respectful of the husband’s opinions and marriage, but he does so only because he himself no longer wants the unloyal…