In its ideal form there is no leeway
In its ideal form there is no leeway
According to University of Wisconsin–Madison philosophy research professor Elliott Sober, altruists and egoists can perform the same actions, but what distinguishes them apart is their motive. “If the choice is to help others and receive pleasure, or to not help and not receive pleasure, Extreme Egoists will help. In this case, however, helping others is a correlate, not a cause” (Sober 92). “Extreme Altruists” will make the same decision, “but they do not make this selection because they take an interest in their own pleasure. For Extreme Altruists, the pleasure that results from this choice is an artifact, not a cause” (Sober 91). In other words, egoists can help others if doing so aligns with their own intentions and satisfies their desires. Tajomaru’s seemingly self-sacrificing offers to the wife is truly egoistic because his offers were aimed at fulfilling his own selfish desires of getting the wife to leave with him. Also, when he kicked down the wife and asked the husband what he should do with her, he seemed respectful of the husband’s opinions and marriage, but he does so only because he himself no longer wants the unloyal…
Though some believe that humans are basically selfish recent research suggests otherwise: Studies have found that people’s first desire is to help rather than struggle; that children obviously help people in need out of a real anxiety for their welfare; and that even non-human primate’s display altruism. Evolutionary scientist’s risk that altruism has such deep roots in human nature because helping and cooperation promote the survival of our classes. in fact, Darwin himself argued that altruism, which he called “kindness” or “goodwill,” is “an important part of the social intuitions.” Darwin’s claim is supported by recent neuroscience studies, which have shown that when people behave selflessly, their brains activate in regions that signal pleasure and reward, similar to when they eat chocolate. This does not mean that humans are more altruistic than selfish; instead, evidence suggests we have deeply fixed tendencies to act in either direction. Our challenge lies in finding ways to suggest the better angels of our…
Selfishness is perceived as bad traits were societies only care for oneself (Selfishness, n.d.). Spencer (1897) explains that egoism takes place before altruism. Spencer (1897) strongly agrees with the evolution theory, saying that the only way for people to survive is to be selfish. It is believe that their own selfish motives are more important for their existence (Spencer 1897). It is because if an individual care or takes care of oneself first, this individual has more chance or surviving (Spencer, 1897). Whereas if people care for others more than themselves, this would lead to death for the individual meaningless care for others which can lead to extinction of species (Spencer, 1897). The less people on earth, the less problems people…
References: Krebs, D. L. (1970). Altruism: An examination of the concept and a review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 73(4), 258-302. doi:10.1037/h0028987…
Peter Singer enters a new section, entitled “Motivation and Justification”. Starting with chapter 7, he looks deep into the minds of altruists to figure out why they chose this type of lifestyle. What motivates these people to do so much for the sake of others (Singer, 2015, p.75)? The immediate answer Singer first throws out is love, but he later refutes it and proposes empathy as the prime motivation.…
Altruism is the opposite of egoism. Individuals who perform helpful acts for others do so purely for genuine concern and/or to increase the welfare of others (Fiske, 2012, pg. 347). People who perform altruism acts feel empathy, concern, and/or sympathy for another. People who act in an altruistic way see the world as benevolent (Fiske, 2012, pg. 347).…
Egoism and Altruism | Psychological egoism claims that whatever we do, we do out of self-interest. Give an example of an act you think is not done out of self-interest, and explain how the psychological egoist might try to interpret that act as selfish. Respond in approximately 100 words.…
Psychological egoism is a descriptive type of egoism that states that a person’s main goal in life is to maximize his or her own welfare, not the welfare of others (Shaver 2010). This type of egoism does permit performing acts that do not attribute to personal welfare, but it does not approve of selfless acts motivated by a sense of duty to another person. However, actions in the interest of another’s welfare may still be psychologically egotistic if the corresponding action results in one’s personal welfare (Shaver 2010). For example helping an old woman cross the street because you know she will give you money is an acceptable act according to egoism because, although it benefits the woman, it also invokes a reward attributing to the doers personal welfare. This viewpoint is based on the egotistical oxymoronic idea that altruism is really a self motivated attribute, meaning that, according to egoism, people only act unselfishly in order to make themselves appear honorable when in reality this makes their actions unrighteous, self motivated, and therefore, egotistical (Nickels 2006). Reverting back to the example about helping an old woman cross the street, someone watching from a distance may think that person is being altruistic and is a person of wonderful character, but in…
Bibliography: Batson, Daniel C. "Altruism and Prosocial Behavior." In The Handbook of Social Psychology, 4th ed., edited by Daniel T. Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, and Gardner Lindzey. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. ISBN: 0195213769.…
Now, let’s look at a definition of altruism: Altruism involves the unselfish concern for other people. It involves doing things simply out of a desire to help, not because you feel obligated to out of duty, loyalty, or religious reasons. (psychology.about.com)…
The Influence of Altruism Against the Evil of the World A civil rights activist named Martin Luther King Jr. once declared “He who passively accepts evil is as much involved in it as he who helps to perpetrate it. He who accepts evil without protesting against it is really cooperating with it.” King contemplates the issue of those who choose to condone the evil and injustice they see in the world, stating that those who grow complacent with the evil are comparable to those who cause the evil themselves. He condemns those who stand passively as others are mistreated or taken advantage of. In the same vein, an Irish salesman by the name of Edmund Burke proclaimed “The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing.”…
Many different factors have been shown to influence people’s willingness to help others. The motive behind certain type of help can be certain rewards for helping however other types of help do not always appear to have a clear motive. This was noted by Comte (1875 as cited in Batson & Shaw 1991, Baumaister & Bushman, 2011) who studied the question of helping others, philosophically and suggests that there are two key types of help displayed by people. He describes these as either Egoistic Helping (EH) or Altruistic Helping (AH). The former refers to the type of help where an individual is clearly aware of a reward for performing the help, such as can be seen in some volunteers workers, whose clear reward is experience and recommendations. The latter however refers to situations where an individual’s willingness to help is unaided by any conscious reward. AH behaviour can be seen in such examples as helping a broken down stranger fix a car tyre on a road (Pomzal & Clore, 1973 as cited in Baumaister & Bushman, 2011). The factors influencing the latter type of help are the ones mainly considered throughout this essay. However these factors have a varied effect on different people, this variation can be based on gender, age and other individual differences.…
References: Douglas, K. (2009). 6 Altruism. New Scientist, 203(2720). Retrieved June 11, 2010 from Academic Search Complete.…
Human Nature: Self-Interest vs. Altruism A debate encompassing human nature has carried on for centuries, and philosophers throughout history have provided a vast inventory of explanations they deem to be sufficient in understanding the perplex idea of human nature. A question commonly debated regarding human nature is determining whether human beings are naturally self-interested or altruistic. Political philosophers Bernard Mandeville and Francis Hutcheson specifically addressed this question, but each arrived at different conclusions based on personal observation and reasoning. Mandeville, influenced by Hobbesian thought, advocated the belief that human beings were naturally self-interested. Opposing the idea of self-interest, Francis Hutcheson attacked Mandeville’s notion and reasoned that human beings were inherently altruistic. Although both sets of ideals originated in the early 18th century, both can be utilized to infer about current events and situations (Tannenbaum & Schultz, 2004).…
Psychological Egoism: Fact or Fiction?? The descriptive claim made by Psychological Egoists is that humans, by nature, are motivated only by self-interest. Any act, no matter how altruistic it may seem on the outside is actually only a disguise for a selfish desire such as recognition, avoiding guilt, reward or sense of personal goodness' or morality. For example, Mother Teresa is just using the poor for her own long-term spiritual gain. Being a universal claim, it could falter with a single counterexample. And being that I believe this claim to be bunk I will tell you why!…