Aerobic cellular respiration is a pivotal process in which organisms carry out in order to sustain life. It is characterized by the release of energy from organic compounds by means of chemical oxidation within the mitochondria of the cell. The reactants are glucose and oxygen, and after a series of complex steps, the products of carbon dioxide, water, and ATP + heat are released. Thus, cellular respiration is an exergonic process, since heat energy is released in order to do cellular work. The overall process can be encapsulated by the following equation: C6H12O6 + CO2 6CO2+ 6H2O+ 586 kilocalories of energy/mole of glucose oxidized. This reaction seems very straightforward, however there are numerous enzyme-mediated reactions that occur within it that are not so perceptible from the simplified equation. Cellular respiration consists of three major stages: The first is Glycolysis; (occurring in the cytosol) in which chemical energy is harvested by oxidizing glucose into two 3 carbon molecules of pyruvate, and thus producing a net of 2 ATP molecules through substrate-level phosphorylation, as well as a net of 2 NADH molecules. Subsequently, the Krebs Cycle commences after 2 pyruvate molecules are converted to 2 Acetyl CoA molecules in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria. During the Krebs Cycle (occurring in the mitochondrial matrix)4 CO2 molecules are released, 1 ATP molecule is formed (for each turn of the cycle), and the reduced forms of 6 NADH and 2 FADH carry the electrons to the next step: the Electron Transport Chain. This occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria, and consists of many electron carriers that pass electrons (donated by NADH and FADH2) along through a series of redox reactions. At the end of the chain, oxygen acts as a final electron acceptor and it reduced them to form water. A proton motive force, or H+ gradient,…
Cellular respiration is the metabolic process that releases stored energy from the bonds of organic molecules, mainly glucose. There are three stages:…
Cellular respiration is divided into three different stages. Glycolysis, the first stage of cellular respiration, splits simple carbohydrates such as glucose into two molecules of ATP, two molecules of pyruvic acid, and two electron carried that have high energy that are known as NADH. This part of cellular respiration does not need oxygen, therefore ATP can be created by glycolysis, but it only makes a small amount and this method is not the most efficient method. The next stage in cellular respiration is the Citric Acid Cycle. This stage commences when the two pyruvate acids are converted into acetyl CoA. This pyruvate oxidation will produce 2 NADH and then the acetyl CoA will enter…
Respiration can happen without oxygen. This process is called anaerobic respiration. The equation glucose+ oxygen which produces energy along with the bi-products produces 38 Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP). It produces more ATP because it has oxygen present (aerobic) this is used more effectively in the body for things like growing. The rest is wasted through heat as a bi-product which can be good as we need to stay warm. ATP is the unit for measuring energy. Respiration without oxygen produces 2 ATP so the energy is not as efficient as there is not as much ATP being produced. Whereas from the equation where oxygen is present, it produces 38 ATP which is more efficient which is used for activities like movement. (Khan Academy, 2009)…
Cellular respiration is cells using oxygen in the reaction where glucose is converted into a chemical known as ATP (adenosine triphosphate). ATP is used to provide energy to the cell and carbon dioxide is a byproduct of cellular respiration. External respiration is air moving in through the nose or mouth and into the lungs, and oxygen diffusing out of the alveoli and into the capillaries. The alveoli wall is only one cell thick and the alveoli have a greater concentration of oxygen then the blood. The oxygen is bound on to the blood cells by the protein hemoglobin. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood and into the alveoli. Internal respiration is when oxygen is transported to the cells by the blood in the circulatory system. Oxygen is released from the red blood cells and diffuses into the body cells. Carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood from the cells.…
1 Two critical ingredients required for cellular respiration are glucose and oxygen. Cellular Respiration, process in which cells produce the energy they need to survive. In cellular respiration, cells use oxygen to break down the sugar glucose and store its energy in molecules of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Cellular respiration is critical for the survival of most organisms because the energy in glucose cannot be used by cells until it is stored in ATP. Cells use ATP to power virtually all of their activities—to grow, divide, replace worn out cell parts, and execute many other tasks. Cellular respiration provides the energy required for an amoeba to glide toward food, the Venus fly trap to capture its prey, or the ballet dancer to execute…
Explain what occurs during the Krebs (citric acid) cycle and electron transport by describing the following:…
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells get their energy from food. It is a pathway where ATP is produced from the working cells.…
Glucose, or any carbon-based molecule, can be burned in oxygen (oxidized) to produce carbon dioxide and water. Combustion reactions release large amounts of energy. However, the energy release is uncontrolled. An organism would not be able to handle all that energy at once to do the work of the cell. Cellular respiration is essentially the same reaction as combustion, but the oxidation of glucose occurs in several controlled steps. The same amount of energy is ultimately released, but it is gradually released in small, controlled amounts. High potential energy molecules of ATP are produced while the carbon atoms are used to form various other molecules of lower potential energy. Each of these steps is catalyzed by an enzyme specific to that step. Model 1 illustrates the ideal circumstances for cellular respiration. In some situations, however, one glucose molecule may not result in 38 ATP molecules being…
The substance that is used to produce ATP in a cell by respiration is known as a respiratory substrate. So far, we have described respiration as if the only respiratory substrate was glucose. In fact, many cells in the body are able to use other substances as respiratory substrates, especially lipids and proteins. (Brain cells are unusual in that they can use only glucose.) Figure 2.15 shows the metabolic pathways by which glucose is oxidised in aerobic respiration.…
The main objective of this lab is to see if the rate of cellular respiration will be affected if we change the food source from glucose to three different experimental variables (fructose, sucrose, lactose). Cellular Respiration is a process that generates ATP and it involves the complete breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water. Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all be used as fuels in cellular respiration, but glucose is most commonly used as an example to examine the reactions and pathways involved. Cellular Respiration can be divided into three metabolic processes; Glycolysis that occurs in the cytoplasm, Krebs cycle that takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria, and Oxidative phosphorylation that occurs via the electron…
Cellular respiration is the set of the metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products.…
Aerobic cellular respiration is the release of energy from organic compound from organic compounds by metabolic chemical oxidation in the mitochondria within each cell. Cellular respiration involves a series of enzyme-mediated reactions. The equation below shows the complete oxidation of glucose. Oxygen is required for this energy-releasing process to occur.…
Respiration is a chemical reaction that occurs within cells and tissues; substances rich with energy, such as glucose and proteins are broken down in order to supply the body with the energy it needs. After the process, water and carbon dioxide are produced as waste products.…
Cellular Energetics is the broad term that encompasses both cellular respiration and photosynthesis and refers to how energy changes and reacts within cells. Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down sugars (ATP) in order to produce energy for other chemical reactions. Cellular respiration takes place mainly in the mitochondria and the reactants in this process are oxygen and glucose and the main product in this process is ATP as well as waste products which include carbon dioxide and water. Almost all organisms perform cellular respiration. There are two types of cellular respiration…