The DSM-5 Personality Disorders

Personality disorders are a group of conditions that have long term behavior patterns that come from expectations of society and the serious problems in relationships which are created. People with personality disorders tend to be inflexible, rigid and manipulative (Hooley, Butcher, Nock, & Mineka, 2017). They often have one set way or perspective of everything and have difficulties connecting with other people socially. The DSM-5 personality disorders are grouped together into three groups based on the similarities between the disorders. Focusing on Cluster B personalities, they tend to be very dramatic, emotional and unstable (Hooley, Butcher, Nock, & Mineka, 2017). There are four disorders listed in this subcategory: histrionic, narcissistic,
These experiences cannot be held accountable as direct causes of BPD. Although childhood trauma is high in this population, it is not present in all cases and, when it does exist, it not always causes a BPD (Mauritz et al., 2013). Figure 4.1 illustrates the correlations between childhood abuse and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or BPD in adulthood. Without completely explaining the disorder, repeated childhood trauma seems to be a frequent element in BPD populations and among patients with PTSD (Mauritz et al., 2013). It should be highlighted also that about half the patients with BPD also meet criteria for PTSD (Gold et al., 2004). Early maternal separation is another which can also be linked with both BPD and the persistence of BPD symptoms over time (Mauritz et al., 2013). Finally, BPD also has a genetic component which the heritability is estimated at 47 % (Mauritz et al., 2013). As in almost all psychiatric disorders, inheritance in BPD is polygenic which is the interaction between genes and environment (Mauritz et al.,
2012). Personal challenging and psychiatric disorders both can result from trauma. It can be caused by family violence, such as emotional or physical abuse (Venta et al. 2012). Gold, S. N. (2004) article shares the relevance across many disorders. The data collected is to show the psychological issues that develop from traumatic events. Focusing on personality disorders, there is a higher frequency of childhood trauma recorded. Parental rejection or verbal assaults, devaluation and being ignored all impact a child’s identity (Venta et al. 2012). Parental maltreatment can also influence the development of a secure attachment. Attachment avoidance and attachment anxiety both may be the result of childhood maltreatment (Hooley, Butcher, Nock, & Mineka, 2017). Fearful attachment is when a child desires intimacy combined with fear of pain and