The Cause and Effect of Smoking
SUBKINGDOM: PROTOZOA Phylum | SARCOMASTIGOPHORIA | APICOMPLEXIA | CILIPHORIA | Class | Class: LOBOZEA (amoeba)Species:
ENTAMOEBA HISTOLITICA: * Only pathogenic parasite of this class * in large intestine * morphology: 1.trophozoite ;
2. Quadrinucleate cyst
- 15 micrometers (smaller than 10 is ‘non-pathogenic’), found in colon and feces, 4 nuclei * Life cycle:
> parasite in caecum
> mature cyst is swallowed
> cyst hatches in intestine and quadrinucleated amoeba come out
> divide into 8 trophozoites * Can occur in liver, lungs, brain and skin * Pathogenicity: leads to diarrhea, dysentery, ulcers * Diagnosis: 1. Stool examination for cysts,
2. Sigmoidoscopy,
3. Serological testSpecies: entamoeba coli; entamoeba gingivalis; endolimax nana; iodamoeba butschiiClass: ZOOMASTIGOPHORIA (flagella)Species: TRYPANSOMA GAMBIENSE: - blood flagella- African sleeping disease- transmitted through tsetse flies > they take trypanosome infected blood >they become long form, multiply, migrate to salivary gland and change into short form (infective) > multiplies in vessels of man.- Pathogenecity: severe headaches, apathy, mental dullness.- Diagnosis: serological testSpecies: LEISHMANIA
- Blood Flagella1. Visceral/ Donovani :- Transmission: female sand fly takes blood infected with amastigotes > they multiply and transform into promastigotes (infective) > migrate to mouth (not salivary glands) - Resivoir hosts: dogs/rodents/man- invades spleen, lymph nodes, liver, bone marrow, etc- Pathogenecity:fever, spleno/hepato-megaly , anaemia, weight loss, diarrhea, dysentery, - Diagnosis: blood; splenic, bone marrow, liver, lymph node puncture2. Cutaneous/ Tropica:(Gardia Lamblia):- Found in duodenum/ jejunum- Diagnosis: trophozoites in diarrhoeic stool; cysts in formed stoolSpecies: TRICHOMONAS: - 5-30 micrometers- T. TENAX – mouthT.HOMINIS – intestineT. VAGINALIS – genitourinary tract- Pathogenicity:vegina pH lowered to pH 5-7
ENTAMOEBA HISTOLITICA: * Only pathogenic parasite of this class * in large intestine * morphology: 1.trophozoite ;
2. Quadrinucleate cyst
- 15 micrometers (smaller than 10 is ‘non-pathogenic’), found in colon and feces, 4 nuclei * Life cycle:
> parasite in caecum
> mature cyst is swallowed
> cyst hatches in intestine and quadrinucleated amoeba come out
> divide into 8 trophozoites * Can occur in liver, lungs, brain and skin * Pathogenicity: leads to diarrhea, dysentery, ulcers * Diagnosis: 1. Stool examination for cysts,
2. Sigmoidoscopy,
3. Serological testSpecies: entamoeba coli; entamoeba gingivalis; endolimax nana; iodamoeba butschiiClass: ZOOMASTIGOPHORIA (flagella)Species: TRYPANSOMA GAMBIENSE: - blood flagella- African sleeping disease- transmitted through tsetse flies > they take trypanosome infected blood >they become long form, multiply, migrate to salivary gland and change into short form (infective) > multiplies in vessels of man.- Pathogenecity: severe headaches, apathy, mental dullness.- Diagnosis: serological testSpecies: LEISHMANIA
- Blood Flagella1. Visceral/ Donovani :- Transmission: female sand fly takes blood infected with amastigotes > they multiply and transform into promastigotes (infective) > migrate to mouth (not salivary glands) - Resivoir hosts: dogs/rodents/man- invades spleen, lymph nodes, liver, bone marrow, etc- Pathogenecity:fever, spleno/hepato-megaly , anaemia, weight loss, diarrhea, dysentery, - Diagnosis: blood; splenic, bone marrow, liver, lymph node puncture2. Cutaneous/ Tropica:(Gardia Lamblia):- Found in duodenum/ jejunum- Diagnosis: trophozoites in diarrhoeic stool; cysts in formed stoolSpecies: TRICHOMONAS: - 5-30 micrometers- T. TENAX – mouthT.HOMINIS – intestineT. VAGINALIS – genitourinary tract- Pathogenicity:vegina pH lowered to pH 5-7