Direct competitive cocaine immunoassay was performed in a transparent high binding 96 well microtiter plate. Each well was coated with 200 µL of 1mg/L anti-mouse IgG in PBS (phosphate buffered saline, 10 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate, 70 mM sodium hydrogen phosphate, 145 mM sodium chloride, pH 7.6). The microtiter plate was left over night for shaking at 750 rpm. Therefore, the plate was washed three times with automatic 96-channel plate washer by washing buffer (45 M potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate, 0,375 mM dipotassium phosphate. 1.5 M Potassium sorbate, Tween 20, pH 7.6). Afterwards, 200µL of benzoylecgonine (BEC) antibody diluted in PBS (0.005 µg/mL) was added to each well and incubated for 1 hour with shaking. This step was preceded by three cycles of washing and 100 µL of standards were added to each well.…
Dopamine can also play a role in addictive behaviors, and cocaine is a severe drug in addiction (Depue& Collins, 1999). Cocaine inhibits the natural order of dopamine. Once the dopamine is set free, it is reused into a dopamine transmitting neuron. Cocaine binds to the dopamine, and does not allow it to be reused. This causes an increase of dopamine and overflows specific neural areas, the overflow stops after a half hour, and the person is feeling the way he or she did before, and this is how the addiction begins (Stocker, 1999).…
Cocaine is identified as (C17H21NO4). Cocaine is an addictive stimulant that affects key pleasure centers within the brain and causes heightened euphoria. The hydrochloride salt, which is a powdered form of cocaine, can be dissolved in water and injected or snorted. It is derived from the coca plant and is primarily found in Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia. Crack cocaine is the crystal form of cocaine. It comes in crystals or solid blocks varying in color from pale rose, yellow or white. Crack is the most potent form of cocaine and is also the riskiest. It is between 75% and 100% pure, far stronger than regular cocaine. Since cocaine has a high cost, crack is sold at very low prices. The common method of ingesting crack is smoking, where it makes…
Cocaine (acute effects, history, other effects, speedballing, dangers of use, tolerance and sensitization, withdrawal, dangerous interactions with other drugs, health effects, effects on baby, treatment)…
Cocaine produces short-term euphoria, energy, and talkativeness in addition to potentially dangerous physical effects like raising heart…
What are some short-term effects of using cocaine? Some short-term effects of using cocaine are as follows: Constricted blood vessels, increases blood pressure and heart rate. It also produces feelings of euphoria as well as anxiety, depression, and excitement. It can also cause seizures and even an overdose. Other effects are increased temperature, and dilated pupils, nervousness, and some paranoia. It produces a feeling of increased energy and well-being. Long-term effects include erratic, delusional or paranoid paranoia. Smoking crack cocaine can produce a particularly aggressive paranoid behavior in users. When addicted individuals stop using cocaine, they often become depressed. Prolonged cocaine snorting can result in ulceration of the mucous membrane of the nose. Acute cocaine poisoning leads to profound CNS stimulations, progressing to convulsions, which can lead to respiratory or cardic arrest.…
Crack and cocaine have three similar effects on the body. Although crack is heat resistant and cocaine is damaged by heat, both cause hypertension. Also, crack and cocaine bring about physical and mental damage, depending on pre-existing conditions and the amount of drug used. Hallucination, insanity, paranoia and aggressive behavior can occur, and an overdose of either may cause heart failure or a seizure. Finally, use of both drugs can lead to addiction.…
Unjust punishments can occur because of sentencing disparities and wrongful convictions. Current prison populations show a higher population of African Americans and Hispanic men leading some to believe that a sentencing disparities caused by racial prejudices and discrimination are the causes. Sentencing disparities occur when offenders with similar criminal histories who have committed the same offense receive much different penalties. Data has shown that Hispanics and African Americans have received harsher punishments compared to whites for similar crimes. Wrongful convictions occur when an innocent person is found guilty by either plea or verdict. The development of DNA testing has increased the number of people convicted by juries and later exonerated by science. In 2004 congress passed the Justice for All Act which implemented funds for DNA testing on a backlog of over 300,000 rape kits and other crime-scene evidence. In 1986 the drug crack was a major story in the news. Feeding off the crack fear, Congress pass the Anti-Drug Abuse Act which made the possession of 5 grams or more of crack a mandatory 5 year prison sentence. The impact of this law led to a steep rise in the number of…
No, we should not count on drugs in dealing with osteoporosis because we will tend to forget the little things in the end which truly help us maintain strong and healthy bones, such as lifting weights and eating healthy. Many will use this as an excuse so that they may not have to…
Crack is a drug. It is related to cocaine. In fact, it is mainly made out of cocaine. Crack is a smokable form of cocaine. It is less expensive and much more potent. After smoking crack once or twice, your body and brain immediately react or change. You begin to experience paleness, a decreased appetite, increased heartbeat and respiration, and your body temperature is raised along with your blood pressure. If you take large amounts at a time, you could begin to have violent behavior, tremors, loss of coordination, start to twitch, have hallucinations, pain or pressure in chest, nausea, blurred vision, fever, muscle spasms, convolutions, heart attack and stroke. When you smoke crack, you begin to be high in less than 10 seconds. Within these 10 seconds, crack travels directly to your brain. Once it hits…
The late 1990’s was a rough period of time for young African Americans. Many African Americans faced oppression that was not seen by their caucasian counterparts. Young African Americans were seen as the lower class of American society and did not receive the same benefits that the white youth had. Stereotyping and other forms of discrimination forced many young African Americans into lives of poverty. Overcoming adversity was a major part of young African Americans’ life. According to Watkins, 44 percent of all African Americans under the age of 18 lived in poverty at the end of the 1980’s, compared to 11 percent of white Americans(Watkins 56). The long term impoverishment of African americans led to the term of underclass being applied solely…
Taken in small amounts, cocaine usually makes the user feel euphoric, energetic, talkative, and mentally alert, especially to the sensations of sight, sound, and touch. It can also temporarily decrease the need for food and sleep. Some users find that the drug helps them perform simple physical and intellectual tasks more quickly, although others experience the opposite effect.…
Cocaine at the beginning was a drug used to show you had money or you belonged in the highest social class. Research shows, “Many considered co-caine a harmless, even glamorous, "recreational" drug; it was the drug of choice of the famous and successful—professional athletes, celebrities in the arts and entertainment, lawyers, university professors”(Cocaine). This shows that cocaine made your social class seem high and you were cool if you used cocaine. For example, “the white powder became a sort of status symbol at yuppie…
There have been questions regarding cocaine along the lines of “Aren’t crack cocaine and powder cocaine the same drug?” and the answer is yes. Do they result in the same penalties under the court of law if caught possessing such drugs? Well, in a way, both yes and no. The same penalties are given for the same conviction, however, both must meet different requirements in order for the same punishment to be given.…
Crack cocaine and powder cocaine are used interchangeably in research, but there are extreme differences between the two. They differ from one another chemically, production, use, cost, and effect. They are so different that they carry different sentences depending on the offender. Cocaine is referred to as a stimulant because of the euphoric, energetic and mentally alert feelings it produces (Cocaine.org, 2016). Powder cocaine is much more expensive and it cannot be smoked like crack cocaine. Cocaine when snorted has the slowest effect which can take up to twenty minutes and the effect only lasting for an hour (Cocaine.org, 2016). Cocaine, if injected, can reach the nervous system within one minute and the effects lasting for thirty minutes.…