Preview

Sustainable Urban Development in India

Powerful Essays
Open Document
Open Document
7174 Words
Grammar
Grammar
Plagiarism
Plagiarism
Writing
Writing
Score
Score
Sustainable Urban Development in India
SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA: SOME ISSUES by Basudha Chattopadhyay INTRODUCTION

Sustainable development means attaining a balance between environmental protection and human economic development and between the present and future needs. It means equity in development and sectoral actions across space and time. 1 It requires an integration of

economic, social and environmental approaches towards development. Sustainable urban development refers to attaining social equity and environmental protection in urbanization while minimizing the costs of urbanization. This paper aims at discussing some of the important issues relating to sustainable urban form that would lead to sustainable urban development with possible references to India. The paper is based on available literature and secondary data. The paper is divided in two parts. The first part deals with the concept of sustainable development and its implications for urban areas. First section of this part of the paper explains the concept of sustainable development with special mention of sustainable urban development. This is followed by the second section of this part with a discussion of the role of environment and climate change in sustainable urban development. The second part of the paper discusses sustainable urban development with special reference to India. This part is divided in four sections. The first section deals with urban basic services and sustainable urban development in India. The second section notes the inefficiencies in the land policy of India and its implications for sustainable urban development in India. The third section leads to possible options of sustainable city form, which may be relevant for India. Here first the study discusses the compact city debate and next it explains the concept and possibilities of multi-modal urban region as a city form. The last and fourth section summarises the discussion and ends with way forward.

1

See Cruz et al (2007).

1

PART A


References: Bertolini, L. (2005). The multi-modal urban region: A concept to combine environmental and economic goals. In Future Forms and Design for Sustainable Development, M. Jenks And N. Dempsey eds. Oxford, U.K. Breheney, M. J. (Ed.) (1992). Sustainable Development and Urban Form, Pion, London. Census of India (2001). Analytical Report on Housing Amenities, Series 1, India. Centre for Science and Environment. http://www.cseindia.org/html/lab_air_pollution.htm last accessed on 6.08.2008. Chen H., B. Jia , S.S.Y.Lau (2008). Sustainable urban form for Chinese compact cities: Challenges of a rapidly urbanized economy. Habitat International Vol.32, Issue 1, March 2008, pp.28-40. Cruz, R.V., H. Harasawa, M. Lal, S. Wu, Y.Anokhin, B. Punsalmaa, Y. Honda, M. Jafari, C. Li and N. Hu Ninh (2007): Asia. Climate Change, 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to The Fourth Assessment Report the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, M.L.Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson Eds, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. 469506. Dempsey, N. and M. Jenks (2005). Future forms for city living? In Future Forms and Design for Sustainable Cities, M. Jenks And N. Dempsey eds. Elsevier, Oxford, U.K. Govt. of India, Ministry of Environment and Forests, White Paper on Pollution in Delhi with an Action Plan. http://envfor.nic.in/ Govt. of India, Planning Commission (2008). Eleventh Five Year Plan, 2007-2012 vol. III. Oxford, India. Hindustan Times, (2008). Death of the lakes. In Hindustan Times, August 5, New Delhi, Metro Edition. Jenks, M. & N. Dempsey, (2005). The language and meaning of density In Future Forms and Design for Sustainable Cities, M. Jenks And N. Dempsey eds. Elsevier, Oxford, U.K. Kenworthy J.and F.B. Laube (1999). An International Sourcebook of Automobile Dependence in Cities 1960-1990, University Press of Colorado, Boulder. Kundu A. and S. Thakur (2006). Access to drinking water in urban India: An Analysis of emerging spatial pattern in the context of new system of governance In Managing Water Resources: Policies, Institutions and Technologies, V. Ratna Reddy and S. Mahendra Dev eds. Oxford, New Delhi. National Commission on Urbanisation, (1988). Urbanisation , Vol. II. Report of the National Commission on Opp. Susan M. (2008). Roles and realities. In Local Sustainable Urban Development in a Globalised World, Lauren C. Heberle and Susan M. Opp eds. Hampshire, Ashgate Publishing Limited, England. Pinderhughes, R. (2008). Alternative urban futures: Designing urban infrastructures that prioritize human needs, are less damaging to the natural resource base and produce less waste In Local Sustainable Urban Development in a Globalized World, Lauren C. Heberle and Susan M. Opp eds. Hampshire, Ashgate Publishing Limited, England. 17 Prud’homme R. and Lee, C. (1999). Size, Sprawl and the Efficiency of Cities. Urban Studies, 36 (11). 1849-1858. Pucher, J., N. Korattyswaropam, N. Mittal, N. Ittyeraah (2005). Urban transport crisis in India. www.elsevier.com/locate/tranpol 18
Continue Reading
View Writing Issues

You May Also Find These Documents Helpful

  • Powerful Essays

    Sustainability Case Study: Hurricane Sandy
    • 4655 Words
    • 19 Pages

    Sustainability Case Study: Hurricane Sandy

    Instead, the definition of sustainability focuses on growing areas of the city accessible to transit, employment opportunities, a better selection of housing choices, water and energy conservation, and using materials and methods to improve public health. Albeit these ideas may be noble, they do not present solutions on improving environmental sustainability, which is key to increasing human…

    • 4655 Words
    • 19 Pages
    Powerful Essays
    Read More
  • Powerful Essays

    Geography Synoptic Essay
    • 2010 Words
    • 9 Pages

    Geography Synoptic Essay

    The economic development of a country can be defined as the growth of industry, wealth, employment and the level of urbanisation. The planning and management issues that are linked to economic development, are those associated with processes such as urbanisation, suburbanisation and counter-urbanisation of cities. These may include pollution of water, air and noise. Other issues may be the increase in transport and waste, created by people living, travelling through and working in urban areas. These problems need solutions, which often leads to planning and carrying out redevelopment of urban areas. The effects of urbanisation on a city can be seen in Sao Paolo, a newly industrialised country in Brazil where housing improvement schemes are evident. Furthermore we can see issues of planning and management in the UK, a more economically developed country, due to increasing re-urbanisation and suburbanisation. Using these 2 counties of different levels of development, I will be able to eventually assess to what extent the level of economic development will affect planning and management of cities.…

    • 2010 Words
    • 9 Pages
    Powerful Essays
    Read More
  • Better Essays

    Compare The World Over And Require The Same Solutions
    • 1751 Words
    • 8 Pages

    Compare The World Over And Require The Same Solutions

    All Urban areas suffer urban problems of an economic, social, political and environmental nature but whilst they may share some similarities the rapid increase in the population of cities in many cities in LEDCs compared with that of MEDCs has meant the scale of the problems are far worse in poorer parts of the world. Likewise there are similarities in the solutions that are required across the world but the resources available to authorities in the richer parts of the world mean that often their schemes to solve the problems they experience can be far more comprehensive and ambitious than in poorer parts…

    • 1751 Words
    • 8 Pages
    Better Essays
    Read More
  • Good Essays

    Reimagining Detroit Case Study
    • 669 Words
    • 3 Pages

    Reimagining Detroit Case Study

    Apart from that, Shilling and Vasudevan (2012) offer sustainability transformation for older industrial cities’ plans. To closely examine current practices and their weaknesses and strengths, they analyze four sustainability plans of Rust Belt Cities (Cleveland, Buffalo, Philadelphia, and Baltimore). Each has suffered significant loses of population and employment, and then deindustrialization and property abandonment. As a solution, most of the cities adopt sustainability plans in redevelopment process. Declining population in cities and creating compact semi-rural villages, transforming vacant lands and properties, reducing cities’ ecological footprints and carbon emissions can be counted as ways to reach more sustainable environments in cities. In other words, more livable and healthy cities can be created with sustainability plans. The paper explains all aspects of sustainability in plans with case studies. Also, it gives us idea about how sustainability plans work in practice in different places and how it can be applied and understood by local…

    • 669 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Good Essays
    Read More
  • Better Essays

    Urban Sustainability In Vancouver
    • 1907 Words
    • 8 Pages

    Urban Sustainability In Vancouver

    In the global context, Urbanization is viewed as an essential trend for development for a couple of decades to come, this is especially the case in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asian countries. Cities in mentioned regions as well as other parts of the world are predicted to promote sustainable development of their respective nations. This is supported by the knowledge that urbanization if well-articulated can enhance economic and social well-being of nations; since the urban centers provide the facilities for production. Therefore, sustainability should be incorporated in all urban development plans in order to promote investments for middle and low-income members of…

    • 1907 Words
    • 8 Pages
    Better Essays
    Read More
  • Good Essays

    Scholarly Articles
    • 900 Words
    • 3 Pages

    Scholarly Articles

    According to the text of the scholarly articles, comparisons show they are all exceptionally similar when discussing each of the authors’ views of urban cities as well as their surrounding environments. However; they also have strikingly different opinions as well. It’s easy to miss the day-to-day headlines of global economic implosion; the change that is altering our change is the rapid acceleration of urbanization, as more and more people in every corner of the world put down their farm tools and move from the countryside or the village to the city. The following articles will help justify the positive and negative outlooks on all different segments.…

    • 900 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Good Essays
    Read More
  • Good Essays

    For every problem caused by urbanisation there is an effective solution
    • 828 Words
    • 2 Pages

    For every problem caused by urbanisation there is an effective solution

    Rapid urbanisation has caused a variety of problems, including transport congestion, lack of sufficient homes and living conditions, sanitary and health care issues, and crime. For all these problems, city planners have attempted potential solutions, each with varying degrees of success. Cities including London, Manila and Mumbai have several of the aforementioned problems, and have each tried their own potential solutions. This essay will discuss how successful these schemes have been in resolving these issues.…

    • 828 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Good Essays
    Read More
  • Powerful Essays

    Urban Planning
    • 1773 Words
    • 8 Pages

    Urban Planning

    In his book Urban Geography, Michael Pacione, discusses the “Future City-Cities of the Future”. In his analysis there are several principles that must be included in the future city in order for it to strive and be successful, “by 2025 65 percent of the world’s population will be in urban areas” (Pacione 2005) The need for the city of the next 100 years to be sustainable in all aspects is paramount for its success and its citizens to live in peace and harmony. The factors that will play a large part in deciding the fate of our future cities are addressing population growth, the economics of cities, or making cities economically competitive, the effective managing and creation of various modes of transportation and mobility and managing the largest pollutant most inefficient parts of of our cities: buildings. All while maintaining high ecological and environmental standards including proper reduction and disposal of waste . The city of the next 100 years must be successful in managing the impacts of all of these stated areas. I will highlight current cities that are struggling with some of these areas and what must be done for the future to prepare for the next century.…

    • 1773 Words
    • 8 Pages
    Powerful Essays
    Read More
  • Powerful Essays

    Brazil: Environmental Problems and Solutions.
    • 2085 Words
    • 8 Pages

    Brazil: Environmental Problems and Solutions.

    Wheeler, S.M. & Beatley, T. (2004). The sustainable urban development reader. (pp.202-207). New York: Routledge.…

    • 2085 Words
    • 8 Pages
    Powerful Essays
    Read More
  • Best Essays

    Architecture Manifesto Example
    • 3540 Words
    • 15 Pages

    Architecture Manifesto Example

    Elkin, T., McLaren, D. and Hillman, M., Reviving the City: towards sustainable urban development, London: Friends of the Earth, 1991…

    • 3540 Words
    • 15 Pages
    Best Essays
    Read More
  • Best Essays

    Circular Metabolism
    • 3248 Words
    • 13 Pages

    Circular Metabolism

    References: Birkeland, J. Design for Sustainability: a Source of Integrated Eco‐logical Solution, Brunckhorst, D.J. (2002), Bioregional Planning: Resource Management beyond the New Millennium, (London: Routledge). Desai, P. and Riddlestone, S. (2002), Schumacher Briefings Number 8 ‐ Bioregional Solutions For One Planet Living, (Devon: Greenbooks) Girardet H. (2002), Schumacher Briefings Number 2 – Creating Sustainable Cities, (Devon: Greenbooks) http://dws.wcape.gov.za/dmsv525/download?WEBID+42512 http://www.indigodev.com/Kal.html http://www.jetsongreen.com/2007/10/hammarby‐sjstad.html http://www.sacredsites.com/americas/chile/easter_island.html http://sustainablecities.dk/en/actions/interviews/herbert‐girardet‐the‐self‐sufficient‐city…

    • 3248 Words
    • 13 Pages
    Best Essays
    Read More
  • Good Essays

    Why It Is Important to Develop Sustainable Cities?
    • 439 Words
    • 2 Pages

    Why It Is Important to Develop Sustainable Cities?

    With the rapid development of urbanization, there are an increasing number of serious problems emerging all over the world, especially in some developing countries. Therefore, if we want to live a sustainable life without destroying the natural resources and wildlife, some effective and feasible sustainable development policies must be taken step by step from now on. Firstly, too many people move from rural areas to urban areas, along with the high growth rate and the low death rate in the cities, which has led to space and housing shortages. There is no enough room for such a large amount people living in the cities, so poor housing conditions, such as squatter settlements and shanty towns are unavoidable. Such poorly constructive and unplanned shacks are usually lack of running water, electricity and sewage systems. Additional, people who live in the slums cannot afford to good quality education, healthcare and social services. To solve the housing problems, one way is to improve the infrastructure and boost the employment opportunities in rural areas to inspire people to move back to countryside. Another solution is to build “satellite New Towns” and “New Territories” near the cities to disperse overcrowded people, like Hong Kong where it has made process on building the high-rise blocks of flats in new settlements. Secondly, the severe pollution problems are more obvious in the cities than those in the countryside. Because of the emission of cars and chemical factories, air pollution has become the biggest challenge for most city governors. It is essential to follow sustainable development policies, such as encouraging mass transit and building fast and efficient transport systems to find alternatives to cars. At the same time, regulations and laws are critical methods to fine or even close badly polluting factories and workshops but encourage environmental-friendly production activities. Lastly, there is…

    • 439 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Good Essays
    Read More
  • Good Essays

    Bop Urban
    • 6680 Words
    • 27 Pages

    Bop Urban

    At the Fourth Session of the World Urban Forum held in Nanjing in November 2008, the private sector decided to organise two working groups which would be based on the themes of Urban Governance and Bottom of the Pyramid Approaches for Urban Sustainability. Through their work, the groups will also contribute to the preparation of Core Business Principles for Sustainable Urbanization that will be presented at the Fifth Session of the World Urban Forum to be held in Rio de Janeiro in May 2010. Given the challenge of urban poverty, with 1 billion slum dwellers projected to rise to more than 1.4 billion by 2020, UNHABITAT is well aware that the private sector is not merely a part of the solution, but instead is a vital partner that must be engaged if the world’s cities are to achieve sustainability. The challenge is first and foremost to address the shelter and basic services needs of low-income segments in urban areas. A further challenge is to scale-up operations through new partnerships in order to address the daunting challenge of rapid urbanization. Ensuring harmonious cities starts by dealing with the slums and finding affordable solutions for those deprived from decent housing and other essential services who find themselves systematically marginalized by mainstream urban market economics. The private sector can play a pivotal role in the process of empowering those at the bottom of the economic pyramid leading to a sustainable and stable urban community. This first draft is intended to guide the working group in the first place. The working group shall update its content and add recommendations based on concrete examples presented by the companies to be inserted in this document.…

    • 6680 Words
    • 27 Pages
    Good Essays
    Read More
  • Powerful Essays

    Eco-Cities
    • 1410 Words
    • 6 Pages

    Eco-Cities

    The concept of an eco-city came about as a challenge in creating a new and superior form of settlements. It is one of the models created towards the City of the Future. These different models have occupied philosophers, architects, planners, and urban theorist throughout the past centuries. The vision of an eco-city involves a mixed-used urban form, with higher density, human-inhabited centres that are the core points for the population and employment growth linked by public transport. Attention has been given to the development of a superior public transport system, and a need for non-motorised modes of travel with a minimal road capacity; it decreases the dependence to automobile and protects the city’s natural areas and its food-producing capacity. Its aim is to establish innovative environmental technologies for water, energy and waste management, an economic growth based on the creativity, innovation and sensitivity to the local environment and cultural…

    • 1410 Words
    • 6 Pages
    Powerful Essays
    Read More
  • Powerful Essays

    A Critical Analysis of the Advantages and Disadvantages of Urbanization in Malawi
    • 1029 Words
    • 5 Pages

    A Critical Analysis of the Advantages and Disadvantages of Urbanization in Malawi

    References: UN Habitat Report (18th March, 2010). State of the World Cities 2010/11: Bridging the Urban…

    • 1029 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Powerful Essays
    Read More

Related Topics