Substance Related Disorders.Doc
SUBSTANCE RELATED DISORDERS
Nosology: We have two large categories : 1- substance dependence and substance abuse 2- substance induced mental disorders we will deal with the descriptions of the clinical phenomena associated with the use of 11 designated classes of pharmacological agents: alcohol, amphetamines or similarly acting agents; caffeine; cannabis; cocaine; hallucinogens; inhalants; nicotine; opioids; phencyclidine (PCP) or similar agents; and sedatives, hypnotics, and anxiolytics. The ICD-10 includes caffeine in the category of other stimulants such as amphetamine and (PCP) phencyclidine is included with hallucinogens Substance Dependence:
“a cluster of behavioural, cognitive, and physiological phenomena that develop after repeated substance use and typically include a strong desire to take the drug, difficulties in controlling its use, persisting in its use despite harmful consequences, a higher priority given to drug use than to other activities and obligations, increased tolerance, and sometimes a physical withdrawal state.”
DSM-IV uses seven criteria requires three to describe dependence. ICD-10 requires three of six criteria .
DSM-IV Diagnostic Criteria for Substance Dependence
A maladaptive pattern of substance use, leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by three (or more) of the following, occurring at any time in the same 12-month period:
(1) Tolerance, as defined by either of the following:
(a) A need for markedly increased amounts of the substance to achieve intoxication or desired effect
(b) Markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of the substance
(2) Withdrawal, as manifested by either of the following:
(a) The characteristic withdrawal syndrome for the substance (refer to criteria A and B of the criteria sets for withdrawal from the specific substances)
(b) The same (or closely related) substance is taken to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms
(3) The
Nosology: We have two large categories : 1- substance dependence and substance abuse 2- substance induced mental disorders we will deal with the descriptions of the clinical phenomena associated with the use of 11 designated classes of pharmacological agents: alcohol, amphetamines or similarly acting agents; caffeine; cannabis; cocaine; hallucinogens; inhalants; nicotine; opioids; phencyclidine (PCP) or similar agents; and sedatives, hypnotics, and anxiolytics. The ICD-10 includes caffeine in the category of other stimulants such as amphetamine and (PCP) phencyclidine is included with hallucinogens Substance Dependence:
“a cluster of behavioural, cognitive, and physiological phenomena that develop after repeated substance use and typically include a strong desire to take the drug, difficulties in controlling its use, persisting in its use despite harmful consequences, a higher priority given to drug use than to other activities and obligations, increased tolerance, and sometimes a physical withdrawal state.”
DSM-IV uses seven criteria requires three to describe dependence. ICD-10 requires three of six criteria .
DSM-IV Diagnostic Criteria for Substance Dependence
A maladaptive pattern of substance use, leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by three (or more) of the following, occurring at any time in the same 12-month period:
(1) Tolerance, as defined by either of the following:
(a) A need for markedly increased amounts of the substance to achieve intoxication or desired effect
(b) Markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of the substance
(2) Withdrawal, as manifested by either of the following:
(a) The characteristic withdrawal syndrome for the substance (refer to criteria A and B of the criteria sets for withdrawal from the specific substances)
(b) The same (or closely related) substance is taken to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms
(3) The
References: Bandura, A. Ross, D., & Ross,S.A (1961). Transmission of aggression through the imitation of aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, 575-582 Bandura, A