study guide

Unit 2 Lecture Study Guide

1) What are the parts of an atom? Where are the subatomic particles found?
Parts of an atom- divided into two basic regions:
1. the central nucleus (contains heavy particles)
2. the electron cloud (contains very light, moving particles)
Subatomic particles:
1.Protons (found in the central nucleus)
2.neutrons (found in the central nucleus)
3.electrons (spin rapidly in a cloud around the central nucleus)
2) How does the Atomic Mass # differ from the Atomic #?
The mass # is determined by adding together the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. The atomic # itself is what defines the element and also represents the number of protons in the nucleus.
3) What is an isotope? Give an example (show how it is an isotope).
An isotope is an atom of the same element that has a different mass number due to different numbers of neutrons. EX: radioisotopes=emit radiation in the form of subatomic particles.
4) Compare and contrast the 3 basic types of chemical bonds and give an example of each.
Ionic=forms between atoms with opposite electrical charges (ions) EX: cation
Covalent=occurs when atoms share, rather than gain or lose electrons, forming molecules. EX: nonpolar covalent bond
Hydrogen=weak attractions between the positive, hydrogen side of one polar molecule and the negative side of another polar molecule. EX: surface tension created because of hydrogen bonds between water molecules

5) Why is pH important in Anatomy?
Because pH is the concentration of hydrogen ions in body fluids and must be regulated carefully to prevent problems.
6.9) Name the 4 main Organic Molecules in Biochemistry. Describe each one, and provide an example. What are the “building blocks” of each molecule? For example, protein = Amino Acid.
1. carbohydrates: organic molecule with a carbon/hydrogen/oxygen ratio of about 1:2:1, including sugars and starches. EX: monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
2. Lipids: mainly hydrophobic molecules made mostly of carbon and hydrogen atoms. EX: fatty acids, eicosanoids, glycerides, steroids, and phospholipids & glycolipids
3. Proteins: the most abundant and most important class of molecules in the human body. Building blocks=amino acids: central carbon, hydrogen, amino-group, carboxylic acid group, and R group
4. nucleic acids: large organic molecules which store and process information at the molecular level. EX: DNA and RNA 10) There are 4 levels of protein structure. What are the levels? How do the levels of a protein differ in structure and function?
1. primary structure: order of amino acids
2. secondary structure: hydrogen bonds form
3. tertiary structure: folds the secondary structure
4. quaternary structure: several tertiary structures together
****The shape of a protein determines its function! 11) Describe the structure of ATP and why it is important? ATP is a high-energy compound created by ADP (two phosphate groups) and a third being added. ATP is important because it delivers energy to places in the cell and can be used to power chemical reactions within the cell or organism. 12) Why is the plasma membrane important to cells?
Because it acts as a “diffusion barrier” that prevents the loss of cellular materials and controls the movements of what goes in and out of the cell. 13-17) Name 5 cell organelles and their functions.
Cytoskeleton= structural proteins for shape, strength
Microvilli= finger shaped projections on the surfaces of some cells, increase surface area of absorption, attached to cytoskeleton
Centrioles= form spindle apparatus during cell division
Cilia= long extensions of cell membrane move fluids across the cell surface
Ribosomes= carry our orders from the nucleus for protein synthesis 18) Describe the structure of DNA. DNA is a double-helix and has two strands running in opposite directions. Each chain is a polymer of subunits called nucleotides. Each strand has a backbone made up of sugar molecules linked together by phosphate groups. 19) How does DNA differ from RNA? DNA is double stranded, deoxyribose, A-T RNA is single stranded, ribose, A-U 20) Describe transcription and translation in your own words. Transcription- RNA polymerase copies the complete code for the protein onto a strand of messenger RNA in this process. Translation- begins when mRNA strand is bound between a small and a large ribosomal unit 21) How are mitosis and meiosis similar…..different? Similar= both are a type of cell division, no new gene combinations when each new cell splits, same number of chromosome, involved in DNA replication, both have inter, pro, meta, ana, and telophases
Different= Mitosis occurs in somatic cells and meiosis occurs in reproductive cells, dividing cells in mitosis can be either diploid or haploid but in meiosis the dividing cells can only be diploid, in mitosis two daughter cells are formed and in meiosis four daughter cells are formed