Science Cheat Sheet

Ch. 51- FAP: sequence of behaviors that are usually carried through to completion. Habituation:loss of sensitivity to unimportant stimuli. Associative learning: associating one stimulus with another. Class. Conditioning: association of an irrelevant stimulus with a fixed physiological response. Cognition: animal’s ability to perceive, store, process, and use info. from its sensory receptors. Agonistic behavior: contest to determine which competitor gains access to a resource. Ch. 54- Nitrogen fixation: soil bacteria and symbiotic bacteria in root nodules fix nitrogen in terrestrial ecosystems, and some cyanobacteria do so in aquatic ecosystems. Biological magnification: conc. of such compounds increases in each successive link of food chain. Ch. 1- Cell theory was brought up by Hooke. There are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Darwin came up with natural selection and The Origin of Species. Ch. 2- H: 1 valence electron, O:2, N:3, C:4. Ch.3- Cohesion: creates more structurally organized liquid and enables water to move against gravity in plants. Adhesion: clinging of one substance to another. Specific heat: a substance is defined as the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g. of that substance to change its temperature by 1 degree Celsius. Ch. 5- Macromolecules: represent another level in the hierarchy of biological organization. Polymers: chainlike molecules formed from the linking together of many similar or identical small molecules. Hydrolysis: breaking of bonds between monomers through the addition of water molecules. Monosaccharide: the general formula of CH2O. Cellulose: major component of plant cell walls, most abundant organic compound on Earth. Polypeptide: a polymer of amino acids. Denature: losing its native conformation and thus its function. Deoxyribonucleic acid: the genetic material that is inherited from one generation to the next and is reproduced in each cell of an organism. Ch. 6- Catabolic pathways: release the energy stored in complex molecules through the breaking down of these molecules into simpler compounds. Kinetic energy: energy of motion, of matter that is moving. Potential energy: capacity of matter to do work as a consequence of its location or arrangement. Chemical energy: a form of potential energy stored in the arrangement of atoms in molecules. 1st law of thermodynamics: energy can neither created nor destroyed. 2nd law of therm.: every energy transformation or transfer results in an increasing disorder within the universe. Ch. 7- Cell Wall: diagnostic feature of plant cells. Ch. 8- 6 major functions the membrane may perform: transport, enzyme activity, signal transaction, intercellular attachment, cell to cell recognition, attachment to cytoskeletons, ECM. Osmosis: the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. Ch. 9- Electron transport chain: a group of carrier molecules located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, to a stable location close to a highly electronegative oxygen atom. Alcohol fermentation: pyruvate is converted into acetaldehyde, and CO2 is released. Ch 10- Photosynthesis: light energy of the sun is converted into chemical energy stored in organic molecules. C3 plants close their stomata on hot, dry days to limit water loss. Where does the Calvin Cycle take place in C4 plants? : Bundle- Sheath cells. Ch. 12- Somatic Cell: reproductive cell. Gametes: egg or sperm. Mitotic spindle: consists of fibers made of microtubules and associated proteins. Cleavage furrow: the cell surface forms, as a ring of actin microfilaments, interacting with myosin proteins, begins to contract on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. (M) phase: includes mitosis, cytokinesis and interphase. Interphase includes: 90% of cycle is G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase. Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Ch.13- locus: a gene’s location on a chromosome. Karyotype: an ordered display of an individual’s chromosomes out of a photograph taken of white blood cells that were stimulated to undergo mitosis, arrested in metaphase, and stained. Chromosomes other than sex chromosomes are autosomes. Haploid cells: contain a single set of chromosomes; haploid number for humans is 23. How many assortments of maternal and paternal chromosomes are possible in human gametes? : about 8 million. Ch. 14- P generation: the true- breeding parental plants. Phenotype/ Genotype: pheno. is an organism’s expressed traits, geno. is its genetic makeup. Epistasis: a gene at one locus may affect the expression of another gene. Cystic fibrosis: recessive, defective chloride channels in certain cell membranes, thickening mucus in various organs. Tay-Sachs disease: brain cells are unable to metabolize a type of lipid that then accumulates and damages the brain. Sickle-Cell disease: inherited, due to a single amino acid substitution in the hemoglobin protein, red blood cells deform into a sickle shape when blood-oxygen concentration is low, triggering blood clotting and other pleiotropic effects. Ch. 16- DNA: 5’-3’ direction, RNA: 3’-5’. DNA ligase: an enzyme that joins the sugar phosphate backbones of the Okazaki fragments. Ch 17- synthesis of proteins: DNA—transcription—RNA—translation—protein. Promoter: the DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription; the terminator is the sequence that signals the end of transcription. Initiation: Transcription factors bind to promoter and facilitate the binding of polymerase 2, forming a transcription initiation complex; polymerase separates DNA strands at initiation site. Elongation: Polymerase 2 moves along DNA strand, connecting RNA nucleotides that have paired to the DNA template to the 3’ end of the growing RNA strand. Termination: After transcribing past a termination sequence, polymerase 2 cuts and releases the pre- mRNA. RNA molecules that act as enzymes are called ribozymes. mRNA: carries code from DNA that specifies the amino acid sequence of proteins to ribosomes. tRNA: carries specific amino acid to its position in a polypeptide based on matching its anticodon to an mRNA codon. rRNA: ribosomal RNA makes up 60% of rib. And has a structural and catalytic function. snRNA: small nuclear RNA is part of spliceosome and plays a catalytic role in splicing pre-mRNA. SRP RNA: part of signal- rec. particle that binds to signal peptides of polypeptides targeted to the ER. Silent mutation: a base-pair sub. In the 3rd nucleotide of a codon that still codes for the same amino acid. Missense mutation: a base-pair sub. or frameshift mutation that results in a codon for a different amino acid. Nonsense mutation: a base-pair sub. Or frameshift that creates a stop codon and prematurely terminates translation. Frameshift mutation: an insertion or deletion of one, two, or more than three nucleotides that disrupts the reading frame and creates extensive missensive and nonsense mutations.CH 9. Glycolysis: occurs in the cytosol, beginsthe degredation by breaking glucose into two molecules of a compound called pyruvate. Krebs cycle: occurs in mitochondrial matrix, completes the job by decomposing a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide.

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