Rock

Topics: Programming language, Compiler, Parsing Pages: 17 (1053 words) Published: October 2, 2013
COP4020
Programming
Languages
Compiler phases
Prof. Xin Yuan

Overview


Compiler phases









10/2/2013

Lexical analysis
Syntax analysis
Semantic analysis
Intermediate (machine-independent) code generation
Intermediate code optimization
Target (machine-dependent) code generation
Target code optimization

COP4020 Spring 2013

2

Source program with macros

A typical compilation process
Preprocessor
Source program

Compiler
Target assembly program

Try g++ with –v, -E, -S flags
on linprog.

assembler
Relocatable machine code

linker
Absolute machine code

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COP4020 Spring 2013

3



What is a compiler?


A program that reads a program written in one language
(source language) and translates it into an equivalent
program in another language (target language).


Two components





Understand the program (make sure it is correct)
Rewrite the program in the target language.

Traditionally, the source language is a high level language
and the target language is a low level language (machine
code).

Source
program

compiler

Target
program

Error message
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4

Compilation Phases and Passes


Compilation of a program proceeds through a fixed
series of phases






Each phase use an (intermediate) form of the program produced by an earlier phase
Subsequent phases operate on lower-level code representations

Each phase may consist of a number of passes over the
program representation




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Pascal, FORTRAN, C languages designed for one-pass
compilation, which explains the need for function prototypes Single-pass compilers need less memory to operate
Java and ADA are multi-pass

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5

Compiler Front- and Back-end
Abstract syntax tree or
other intermediate form

Source program (character stream)

Scanner
(lexical analysis)

MachineIndependent Code
Improvement

Parser
(syntax analysis)
Parse tree

Back end
synthesis

Front end
analysis

Tokens

Semantic Analysis
and Intermediate
Code Generation
Abstract syntax tree or
other intermediate form
10/2/2013

Modified intermediate form

Target Code
Generation
Assembly or object code

Machine-Specific
Code Improvement
Modified assembly or object code
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6

Scanner: Lexical Analysis


Lexical analysis breaks up a program into tokens


Grouping characters into non-separatable units (tokens)
 Changing a stream to characters to a stream of tokens
program gcd (input, output);
var i, j : integer;
begin
read (i, j);
while i j do
if i > j then i := i - j else j := j - i;
writeln (i)
end.

program
var
read
i
then
:=
)
10/2/2013

gcd
i
(

i
i
end

(
,
i
j
:=
.

input
j
,
do
i
i

,
:
j
if
;

output
integer
)
i
j
writeln

COP4020 Spring 2013

)
;
;
>
else
(

;
begin
while
j
j
i

7

Scanner: Lexical Analysis


What kind of errors can be reported by lexical analyzer?
A = b + @3;

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8

Parser: Syntax Analysis


Checks whether the token stream meets the
grammatical specification of the language and
generates the syntax tree.



A syntax error is produced by the compiler when the program
does not meet the grammatical specification.
For grammatically correct program, this phase generates an
internal representation that is easy to manipulate in later phases 



Typically a syntax tree (also called a parse tree).

A grammar of a programming language is typically
described by a context free grammer, which also defines
the structure of the parse tree.

10/2/2013

COP4020 Spring 2013

9

Context-Free Grammars



A context-free grammar defines the syntax of a programming
language
The syntax defines the syntactic categories for language constructs 

Statements
...
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