reviewof empirical

J Bus Psychol (2010) 25:201–210
DOI 10.1007/s10869-010-9165-6

A Review of the Empirical Evidence on Generational Differences in Work Attitudes
Jean M. Twenge

Published online: 18 February 2010
Ó Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010

Abstract
Purpose This article reviews the evidence for generational differences in work values from time-lag studies
(which can separate generation from age/career stage) and cross-sectional studies (which cannot). Understanding generational shifts is especially important given the coming retirement of Baby Boomer workers and their replacement by those born after 1982 (GenMe/GenY/Millennials).
Findings Most studies, including the few time-lag studies, show that GenX and especially GenMe rate work as less central to their lives, value leisure more, and express a weaker work ethic than Boomers and Silents. Extrinsic work values (e.g., salary) are higher in GenMe and especially GenX. Contrary to popular conceptions, there were no generational differences in altruistic values (e.g., wanting to help others). Conflicting results appeared in desire for job stability, intrinsic values (e.g., meaning), and social/affiliative values (e.g., making friends). GenX, and especially GenMe are consistently higher in individualistic traits. Overall, generational differences are important where they appear, as even small changes at the average mean that twice or three times as many individuals score at the top of the distribution.
Implications To recruit GenMe, companies should focus on work–life balance issues and flexible schedules. Programs based on volunteering, altruistic values, social values, or meaning in work will likely be no more successful than they were for previous generations. The lack of generational differences in job hopping suggests that GenMe workers who are satisfied will be retained.
J. M. Twenge (&)
Department of Psychology, San Diego State University,
5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA

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