Research Paper On Chronic Periodontitis

Introduction
Chronic periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that affects the supporting tissues of the teeth, it is a multifactorial influenced by genetics as well as by the environment [1].
Periodontitis is characterized by persistent inflammation, connective tissue breakdown, and alveolar destruction [2]. It is initiated by specific bacteria within the plaque biofilm and progresses due to an abnormal inflammatory immune response to those bacteria [3].
It is the major cause of tooth loss and is significantly associated with an increased risk of stroke [4]. Pockets form between teeth and gum, making anaerobic region where the presence of bacteria cause the destruction of tissue and bone that support teeth
SIA are family of nine carbon acidic monosaccharide that occur naturally at the end of sugar chains attached to the surface of cells and soluble proteins [20]. It is occupies the interface between the host and pathogenic microorganisms. An important function of host sialic acid is to regulate innate immunity [21]. Sialic acid (SA) is the generic term given to a family of acetylated derivatives of neuraminic acid [22]. Sialic acid occurs in body tissues and fluids as structural units of oligosaccharides, glycolipids and glycoproteins [23], where they are bound in glycosidic linkage, usually D-galactose or N-acetyl-D- galactosamine [ 24,25]. Micro-organisms incorporate SIA into their cell surface, which helps them evade the innate immune response of the host [26]. Removal of terminal SIA (either by neuraminidase (sialidase) enzyme of virulent bacteria or by inherited disorder of host endogenous neuraminidase) from sialylated glycoprotein, could incorporate onto the surface of developing plaque which may play a role in plaque formation and cause destruction of host tissue [27]. SA is present in several acute phase proteins which are known to be associated with periodontitis [28]. There exists a need for a biomarker, for early detection of disease evolution and more robust therapy efficacy measurements
The same holds for mucin secretions, in which Sia not only increase viscosity but also help to protect epithelia from harmful substances and pathogens [34,35]. It is not easy to describe a general role of Sia because these monosaccharides participate directly or indirectly in multiple and diverse cellular events[36].
Sialic acid act as a biological mask, that is an antirecognition agent by shielding recognition sites such as penultimate monosaccharides of glycan chains or (antigenic) proteins and other macromolecules of cell membranes including receptor molecules. In this way Sia contribute to cells being ‘self. This may be possible by their electronegative nature together with their bulky, hydrophilic chemical structure [3 6] .
Sialic acid operate in the opposite way by being biological recognition sites, that is ligands for a great variety of molecules such as hormones, lectins, antibodies, and inorganic cations. Especially the latter two protein classes have been recognized recently as being involved in most important phenomena of cellular, and molecular interactions in both physiological and pathological processes