Research Paper

A Research Study
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the
Course SOC102

“Factors Affecting Students who belong to Broken Families”
(Group 1)

Submitted By:
Patricia Jaucian
Sheila Sembrano
Martin Erico Floro
Christheniel Esposo
Michael Docot
BSIT III-A
13715 MT 4:00PM – 5:30PM

Submitted To:
Mr. Rex Villacrusis SOC102 Instructor

February 26, 2013
Acknowledgement

The researchers express their sincere gratitude and heartfelt appreciation to the following individuals and institutions whose valuable assistance and cooperation made the completion of this research study possible.
Ms. Erlinda C. Abarintos, the executive dean of the Gordon College – College of Computer Studies for her commendable leadership and management of the college department as a training ground for the students aiming a quality education and brighter future.
Mr. Rex Villacrusis, whose expertise and patient guidance in his role as the researchers’ adviser to the subject Sociology with Family Planning which enabled the researchers to conduct a research study and pursue it through completion.
To my CCS family, who are in one way or another inspired the researchers to make this research study possible.
To our respondents, who participated in the answering the questionnaires as surveys.
To our family, group mates and friends who never failed to understand and give moral support and uplifts in times of giving up, especially when the researchers needed help.
And above all, to God Almighty for His loving guidance and graces. Glory be to God.
The Researchers
Table of Contents

Title Page
Acknowledgement
Table of Contents
Chapter I Introduction Statement of the Problem Significance of the Study Scope and Limitations Hypothesis
Chapter II Definition of Terms Review of Related Literature Theoretical Review The Functionalist Perspective Conflict Perspective The Interactionist Perspective Meaning and Description of a Broken Home How do Homes Break? Causes of Broken Home Contributory Factors in the Family Contributory Factors in the Community Social Status of a Broken Home Effects of Broken Home On The Family And The Society Possible Solution
Theoretical Framework
CHAPTER III Research Methodology Respondents Instrument Statistical Treatment of Data

Bibliography

CHAPTER I

Introduction

Family is a basic unit of society. This is the most essential component of a country. A home is where a family lives. It may be alternated to the word ‘house’ but a house is more appropriately referring to the material structure, whereas ‘home’ refers to the intangible things that bind together the family members. It is the immeasurable love and care that keeps together the father, mother and their children. However, no matter how ideal a family in the terms of their relationship, there are still hardships and misunderstandings that will come along the way. It is just part of any relationship anyway. But, the sad part is when one of the family members gave up and the others have no choice but to accept and let go. Thus, the family starts to be broken.
There are many aspects of a child’s life that change when their parents got separated. A child eventually surface, this is something that many children witnessed the divorce of their parents got though. The child looks to their parents. For example, how to handle certain situations and emotions? During divorce there is much anger and aggression that is expressed by one of both parents of that child. This isn’t healthy for the child sees this example of aggression that his parents are setting, and they begin to react in the same manner. Anger and aggression tend to become the child’s tools for solving their problems. The child becomes like the parents and could cause harm to others because of not knowing or understanding how to control this feelings. The sudden rise of issues with partners or as husbands and wives such as annulment, divorce or legal separations nowadays became more usual than it was before. Having this scenario, the researchers decided to conduct a research study about these issues concerning co-students in Gordon College who belong to broken families and also to know the factors that are affecting the respondents if they do belong to a broken family. Besides, having the research study conducted, the researchers will be able to conclude whether a great number, some, or none of the respondents belong to a broken family and assume that belonging to one could be a norm nowadays or not a norm at all for the best the researchers hope. The research study is conducted to know the percentage of students whether they belong to a broken family or vice versa; also, to know the factors that the students with broken families undergo with daily dealings of school works and anything related with school that affects them.
The research study is focused on the factors affecting students at school if they are belonging to a broken family such as the effect of having a broken family of the students in terms of socializing with others, studying, cause of having a broken family, ways to temporarily forget the family problem; and dealing with the problem when talking about families.

Statement of the Problem
The research study will determine the factors affecting students who belong to broken families and its effects to their daily living.
Specifically, it will answer the effectiveness of the research study in terms of: a. Socializing with others; b. Studying; c. Cause of having a broken family; d. Way to temporarily forget the family problem; and e. Dealing with the problem when talking about families.

Significance of the Study

Through this study, the researchers themselves, Gordon College students especially the College of Computer Studies’ students and its faculties will become aware of the factors affecting students who belong to broken families and its effects if they are one and on how to deal with the problem and cope up on everyday living. Also, the results of this study may give its readers the idea of what to do if they encounter people having broken families and how to deal with them.

Scope and Limitations
The scope of the study focused on issues and problems surrounding students of Gordon College. The research study is limited only at the Gordon College premises on the annual year 2012-2013. The respondents of the research study were the third year Bachelor of Science in Information Technology students from the College of Computer Studies department of the school. The instrumentation used in this study were questionnaires for surveying, wherein co-students with different status in life are asked to answer certain questions with regards to their family background, academic performance and their influences, broken Family in particular as the main issue of influence. This study also hopes to establish whether being part of broken family influences makes student a leader, a troublemaker, or a nuisance to the school.

Hypothesis
Ho: The research study of the factors affecting students who belong to broken families is not effective in terms of socializing with others; studying; cause of having a broken family; way to temporarily forget the family problem; and dealing with the problem when talking about families.

CHAPTER II

Many social researchers in their various works have all agreed that broken homes constitute a lot of problems in the society, more especially on the particular family affected as an institution of its own. These authors are not only agreed on the fact that such families encounter a lot of problems in this regard, as they usually are unable to exist on the same plane or pedestal as their counterparts that are intact, they have also attempted to identify and enumerate the various causes, effects and workable solutions to the problem associated with broken homes. While exploring the findings and views of these scholars in this regard, this study is intended to be a relevant addition to the existing literature on the issue.
Broken homes, as a social problem, arguably, may continue to remain so and will prove difficult to eradicate, unless strong and adequate control measures are applied. Most societies tend to view the breakup of the home as pathology because it poses a serious threat to the traditional social structures. They as a result lack social support and welfare, and are often stigmatized by their healthy counterparts. They are stigmatized by the society, and made to suffer various social, economic, psychological and even political handicaps. As a result of these conditions, the members of such families find it difficult to cope with the odds of life and usually lead lives full of scorn, isolation, depravity and dejectedness.
Definition of terms
Broken Family - is a family with children involved where parents are legally or illegally separated...whose parents have decided to go and live their lives separately for several reasons/problems.
Attitude - manner, disposition, feeling, position, etc., with regard to a person or thing; tendency or orientation, especially of the mind: a negative attitude; group attitudes.
Divorce - (or the dissolution of marriage) is the final termination of a marital union, cancelling the legal duties and responsibilities of marriage and dissolving the bonds of matrimony between the parties
Behavior - manner of behaving or acting. A response of an individual or group to an action, environment, person, or stimulus.
Self-esteem - is a term used in psychology to reflect a person 's overall emotional evaluation of his or her own worth.
Aggression - refers to a range of behaviors that can result in both physical and psychological harm to oneself, other or objects in the environment.
Distress - great pain, anxiety, or sorrow; acute physical or mental suffering; affliction; trouble.
Grief - to distress mentally; cause to feel grief or sorrow.

Review of Related Literature Theoretical Review
Writers and scholars have written extensively on the problems of broken home in general and its effect on the society. For instance, the social, economic, and other factors that result in the break of a home; and the social, economic, psychological and other consequences of such circumstance have attracted the attention of scholars. Several factors have been identified as the cause of problem of broken home, together with its multifarious implications on both the family and the society. The broken home problem can be caused and rooted more than in any other factor, in the ostentatious reactions of the members of the particular family to the dynamics of society in which they exist. This situation, adopting the view of Haralambos & Healed (1980) is a product of conflict between the changing, ever dynamic society and its social and ideologicalcomposition. These tallies with the contention of George Summel, that the scientific study of human behavior is a multi-paradigm science, hence such studies should not be viewed from one perspective. The study of the problem broken homes and its effects on the family in particular, and society in general, in this regard, cannot be an exception.
The Functionalist Perspective
The functionalism approach holds that every institution of the society, like every organ of the human body has a functional pre-requisite to accomplish, failure of which leads to the disintegration of the system. These social institutions, which include the church, the school, the families, etc., have their different functions.
In other words, since every institution in the human society by their actions and inactions contribute to the well-being or problems of the society through their day-to-day activities, failure of any part of these social institutions to perform its functions ultimately pushes the society back to a state of disintegration.
Becker (1991) suggests that when a home breaks up, the parents are less able to invest as much time in their children. As a result, their children 's human capital will not be as developed and they will experience inferior adult outcomes. He argues that the family has the responsibility of shaping and educating the children so as to improve their social values. Failure to fulfill this obligation on the part of the family leads to an upsurge of societal vices like juvenile delinquents and other deviant attitudes in the society.
From the perspective of B. F. Skinner, personality is a collection of behavioural patterns arising from the interaction between an individual, his family and his society. He considers societal factors as stimulants and response configuration in explaining personality.
Spencer (1965) argues that an accepted premise of the functionalist position is that no human custom, institution, or set of behaviour exists in vaccuo; there always exists an interplay between the component elements of a social system (including the family), and a continuing interdependence between them is created on many different levels within their chain of interaction.
According to Nnatu (2004), in order to understand any part of the society, the part must be seen in relation to the society as a whole. She further contends that since the society is a system made up of interconnected and inter-related parts, a change in one part of the society leads to a change in the other parts. This implies that the key to understanding of the family lies in the examination of the family in terms of its relation to the social system, for a major change in the social system may affect the family and lead to its disintegration.
It is pertinent to note that although it may seriously be argued that the functionalist perspective has the following draw backs, viz: has difficulty in dealing with history and processes of change, has the tendency to exaggerate consensus, integration, and stability while disregarding conflict, dissent and instability,however, in line with the position of B.F. Skinner it is still a useful tool for describing society, identifying its structural parts and the functions of these parts towards analyzing various aspects of the family-society interaction.

Conflict Perspective
Generally speaking, conflict perspective does not offer a unified point of view on many issues. Issues relating to family matters are no exceptions. Conflict theorists are concerned with how it is that some individuals or groups acquire power, dominate other groups, and affect their will in human efforts. Thus, it is the inevitable disagreements among people, groups and nations that lead to social change. The family in this context is no exception. The existence of conflicting interests and opinions coupled with the inevitable disagreements stemming from same in the home is the cause of its disintegration.
Some conflict theorists identify the inequality in the distribution of resources as the originator of conflicts within the home and which tends to break it. Laswell (1936) in this regard, links problems of broken home to the distribution of the family 's resources than to a limited amount of resources available. That is, the main issue is not one of how much is available but one ofwhich individual in the family will secure a disproportionate share of what is available. Consequently, the critical decisions that affect the home are made not in the over-all interest of the home but in the interest of those members of the home with capacity to impose their will on others.
Expanding human requirements and needs is placing ever increasing pressures on the character of the society (family inclusive) creating competition and conflicts and resulting in sub-optional use of all available resources and this disparity creates undue pressure on the family which in turn, leads to broken home. This is in line with the Marxist 's theory of economic determinism to the effect that all men 's action is the necessary outcome of economic motives.
Stone (1992) suggests that the consumer culture has made redundant the need for self-restraint. He argues that the most important influence of all in driving up the rate of broken homes is the idealization of the individual pursuit of self-gratification and personal pleasure at the expense of a sense of reciprocal obligations and duties towards helpless dependants, such as children and/or society as a whole.
Farnsworth (1990) opines that power, the ability to control the behaviour of others, even against their will determines who will gain and who will lose. Thus, people are usually separated into two camps on family matters. Those who favour development of the family against all odds and those primarily interested in pursuing their private interest, even to the detriment of the home. This conflict in the home thus leads to its breakup.
Amato (1993) describes the most pertinent perspective for the present purpose as the "Interparental Conflict" model. This perspective stresses that conflict between parents prior to and during the dissolution process is responsible for the lowered well-being of children of broken homes. As such it is not breaking of the home per se that determines the outcomes of children, but the stress and conflict associated with an unhappy home life. He argues that children may be drawn into the conflict between parents, and may not as a result learn the skills needed for the appropriate resolution of differences and building of relationships.

The Interactionist Perspective
While the functionalist and conflict perspectives focused on the macro or larger-scale structure of society, the interactionist perspective has traditionally been more concerned with the micro or smaller-scale aspect of social life. Interactionists emphasize that humans are social beings who susceptible to group existence. Basically, symbolic interactionism focuses upon the ways in which meanings emerge through interaction. Its prime concern is to analyze the meanings of everyday life, in a close observational work and intimate familiarity, and from these develop an understanding of the underlying forms of human interaction.
Symbolic interactionsim has focus on four perspectives. The first highlights the ways in which human beings are distinctly always concerned to study the ways in which people give meaning to their feelings, their actions, and to the wider social worlds in which their lives exist. The second highlights process and emergence. For the interactionist, the social world is a dynamic and dialectal web, situations are always encountered with unstable outcomes, and lives and biographies are always in the process of shifting and becoming, never fixed, not upon rigid structures, but upon streams of activity with their adjustments and outcomes.
The third focus highlights that the social world is - interactive. From this point of view there is no such thing as solidarity individual; humans are always connected to 'others '. The most basic unit of interaction analysis is that of the self, which stresses the ways in which people can come to view themselves as objects, and assume the role of others through a process of the role taking. The final focus is that interactionists look beneath the symbols, processes, and interactions in order to determine the underlying patterns or forms of social life. From interactionism, one gains an image of human beings as active agents who fashion their behaviour, as opposed to an image of individuals who simply respond passively in a manner prescribed by social rules and institutional arrangements. Thus, symbolic interactionists focus their sociological eye upon "people behaviours".
Marshall (1996) identifies actions and inactions of individual members of the family as the sources of the problem of broken home. To overcome problems, actions involving human judgments, decisions, and choices, should be taken.

Meaning and Description of a Broken Home
Many people have different definitions of what a broken home is. Every definition matters. To Colcord (1919), a broken home is a home in which one of or both parents have been removed by death, divorce, desertion, separation of prolonged absence.Polanen (1990) maintains that although a broken home is usually taken to mean a home where one parent has been by certain cause, a home can still be broken with both parents present. She argues that if there is no communication, interaction or investment in each other 's lives by the couple, the home is broken and becomes a house with roommates.
From the above, it follows that a home is deemed to be broken when the couple that constitute it (i.e. husband and wife) cease to live together functionally as an integrated unit, whether or not they physically live together. In such a home, the chain of communication and interaction that should exist between the members of the family as a single, integrated unit is relatively non-existent. The parents cannot just get along, and the children live in a world of their own.
This lends credence to the view of Saheed (1988) when he opined that a broken home consists of a family whose members are separated or divorced. It consists of a family sundered by divorce, separation or desertion of a parent(s).
Owens (2000) maintains that a broken home may be classified either by the degree of disintegration existent in it or by the duration of the disintegration. Under the first mode of classification, the breakup of a home may be partial or complete. Partial breakup of a home refers to a situation where the members of the family continue to cohabit although the machinery for the function of the home as a single, integrated unit has ceased to exist. Thus the members of the family physically live together while functionally, they no longer live or exist as a family. Conversely, complete breakup of a home refers to a situation where the family ceases to live together both physically and functionally.
Under the second mode of classification, he argues that the breakup of a home may be temporal of permanent. Temporal breakup of a home refers to a situation where the adverse condition of the home is expected to last for a fixed or determinable period of time. This is typical of cases of judicial separation or separation by agreement simpliciter. Conversely, permanent breakup of a home refers to a situation where the adverse condition of the home is expected to last in perpetuity or indefinitely. This is generally typical of cases of divorce.
Margaret (1918) argues that before the home is broken, the individual members of such home are first broken or wrecked. This characterization does not necessarily mean a physical or mental wreck (although it may include same), but refers to bankruptcy in health, hopes, prospects etc for the time being. She maintains that they lack the power or will to dominate adverse conditions, allowing same to overcome them. They may not even as individuals be conscious of their own share or contributions towards the difficulties in which the family finds itself, but are aware that something has seriously gone wrong. Once this obtains, the home evolves to the stage of breaking-up.

How do Homes Break?
From the definition of a broken home as given by Colcord (1919), it is imperative that a home may be broken in any of the following five ways, viz; death, divorce, desertion, separation or prolonged absence of either or both parents. These indices will be analyzed seriatim:

1. Death: The death of a parent(s) may lead to a broken home. This is usually the case where the deceased member is the backbone of the home. Bosanquet (1906) contends that the death of the breadwinner of the home usually ushers in a plethora of problems and difficulties which if not promptly and properly addressed may tear the home apart.
Supporting this view Colcord (1919) contends that such a member of the home being the fulcrum on which the functionality and continuity of the family as a homogenous and integrated unit revolves, the family will cease to function continuously and continually on the demise of such a person. The home ceases to function continuously when the balance maintained in its affairs wears out and it can no longer independently sustain its members on individual basis having lost the capacity to provide for their economic, social, psychological, intellectual and moral needs. The home also ceases to function continually when as a result of the aggregation of the unresolved problems of its individual members as highlighted above, it can no longer sustain itself as a single, integrated unit capable of independent co-existence with other families without such problems.
When this situation obtains in any home owing to the death of any of the parent(s), which situation would not have occurred but for the demise of such person, the home is deemed to be broken. It will not be unusual to see members of such families seeking alternative measures to cushion the effect of such occurrence towards the resolution of their problems.
2. Divorce: Garner (2005) defines divorce as "the legal dissolution of a marriage." This implies that the concept of divorce comes into play when the mechanism and machinery of the law is set in motion towards the dissolution of the legally recognized union of a man and woman, otherwise called marriage. This lends credence to the fact that most times, it is referred to as marital dissolution or dissolution of marriage. Hornby (2006) sees it as the legal ending of a marriage.
In further expatiation of this view, Thomas & Henry (1985)argue that divorce may be classified either by the institution from which it was obtained, or by the extent or degree of dissolution obtained. Under the first mode of classification, divorce may be in form of Legislative Divorce or Judicial Divorce.
Legislative divorce refers to the legal termination of a particular marriage brought about by an enactment made by the legislature. Here, the particular marriage is terminated owing to a legislative enactment to that effect. This is also referred to as Parliamentary Divorce and was mostly obtainable in the past, having become obsolete. Conversely, judicial divorce refers to the legal termination of a particular marriage as decreed by a court of competent jurisdiction. This form of divorce is commonly obtained nowadays.
Under the second mode of classification, divorce may be in form of Divorce a mensa et thoro or Divorce a vinculo matrimonii. The former is a Latin maxim which literally means divorce form board and hearth and refers to a partial of qualified divorce by which the parties were separated and allowed or ordered to live apart, but remained technically married. Supporting this view, Bumpass et al (1995) contends that it was the forerunner of modern judicial separation.
Conversely, the latter is a Latin maxim which literally translates to divorce from the chains of marriage and refers to a total and complete divorce of husband and wife, dissolving the marriage tie and relieving the parties wholly from their matrimonial obligations. Again supporting this view, Bumpass et al argues that in certain instances, this type of divorce bastardized any children from the marriage especially on reasonable grounds that existed before the marriage.
The implication of divorce on a marriage cum family is that legally, it ceases to exist and since the institution of marriage is the backbone on which the home is built and sustained, there is no gainsaying the fact that on its dissolution, the home breaks apart.
3. Desertion: The desertion of the home by either parent(s) may lead to its breakup. Implicit in the definition of desertion as given by Hornby (2006) is the fact that it refers to an abandonment of the home without help or support. Credence is lent to this view by the position of Garner (2005), stating that it is the willful and unjustified abandonment of a person 's duties or obligations especially to a spouse or family.
In further expatiation, Nock (1995) maintains that there are three forms of desertion, viz: constructive desertion, criminal desertion and obstinate desertion. Constructive desertion refers to a situation where a spouse is forced by the conduct of the other members of the family to leave or abandon the home. This usually occurs where the action of the offending spouse is so grave and serious that the deserting party finds continuation in the home to be unendurable or even dangerous to his or her safety and well-being, and finds it necessary to seek safety outside the confines of the home.
Criminal desertion refers to a situation where a parent(s), without just cause willfully fails to provide towards the care, protection and support of the other members of the family as he or she was wont to do. Obstinate desertion refers to a situation where a spouse persistently refuses to return to the home, or to his or her duties and obligations to the family. If either spouse indulges in the last two forms of desertion, it is enough ground for the other to seek a divorce. Morgan et al (1987) maintains that desertion is distinct from divorce in that divorce naturally applies only to married couples whereas, any member of the family is susceptible to desertion. Also, if the deserting member is either spouse, he or she does not usually consider absence from home or abandonment of duties and obligations as final and definite such as in divorce.
Since desertion involves the jettisoning or abandonment of the home and/or duties and obligations to the family by a member of such family, this invariably wears out the bond of confidence, dedication and faithfulness that ordinarily should exist between the members of the family and thus, brings about the breakup of the home.
4. Separation: This strictly applies to a married couple. According to Hornby (2006), it is a decision that a husband and wife make to live apart while remaining married. This view is supported by Garner (2005) stating that it is an arrangement whereby a husband and wife live apart from each other while remaining married by mutual consent. From the above views, it is safe to infer that there exists a difference between divorce and separation. While divorce usually involves the employment of the instrumentality of the law towards the dissolution of a marriage, separation merely involves a mutual agreement between the particular couple to stay apart. Where such arrangement is made by the court with the consent of the couple, it is referred to as judicial separation. Where the couple so decide to stay apart although they remain legally married, this invariably exposes the family to several vices and problems which may culminate in a broken home.
5. Prolonged Absence: Colcord (1919) maintains that the prolonged absence of a member of the family invariably leads to a broken home. This is predicated on the fact that such a member, one way or the other ceases to contribute his quota towards the economic, psychological, social, intellectual and moral development of the family due to prolonged absence. The vacuum created by the absence of such a person lays the foundation for the intrusion of several vices and problems into the home which if unchecked, will on the long run disintegrate the home.

Causes of Broken Home Polanen (1990) maintains that aside death which is a natural occurrence unquestionable by any, the factors that cause the breakup of a home may be categorized into two viz: contributory factors in the family itself, and contributory factors in the society. While the former refers to those factors attributable to the character and inclination of the individual members of the family, the latter refers to those factors attributable to the society in which the particular family continues.

Contributory Factors in the Family
1. Actual Mental Deficiency: Polanen (1990) argues that character weaknesses, if unchecked, grade down by degrees into real mental defect or disorder and not even the psychiatrist can draw a line. Such character weaknesses include feeble-mindedness, closely connected as it usually is with inefficiency, unwarranted neglect of family obligations, lack of self-control, indulgence in violent and uncontrollable passions like anger, infatuation to another and jealousy which may crystallize into cold dislike. Lichter et al (1991) invariably states that the problem posed by these prolonged character weaknesses which deteriorate into actual mental deficiency becomes aggravated if it was induced by heredity. For instance, if a boy has for a father or grandfather, men of violent and abusive temper who drink habitually, neglect family obligations and treat the wife with abuse and disrespect, he more often than not grows up exhibiting tendencies of such character traits of his progenitors. In event of having his own family, a replay of such inherent character weakness is usually inevitable. Supporting the above view, Thornton (1991) contends that the percentage of homes broken by the exhibition by a member of hereditary character weaknesses is usually higher than that caused by exhibition of non-hereditary character weakness or psychopathic personality. Thus, the mentally undisciplined youth is handicapped both as spouse and parent.
2. Faults In Early Training: Thornton (1991)contends that low ideals of home life and of personal obligation is capable of disintegrating the home and much about this is traceable to family irresponsibility and default in the proper training or up-bringing of the child. Credence is lent to this view by the position of Margaret (1918) maintaining that it is more or less the rule for children always to follow the footsteps of weak or vicious parents since the character of parents unconsciously form part of the training given to their children. Experience has shown that children from healthy homes, or those who growing up are taught by observation to avoid the faults in their own homes often make good parents themselves. Morgan et al (1987) state that even more insidious in its effect on later marital history is the home in which no self-control is learned. This includes the so-called " 'good homes ' in which children are exposed to petting, cuddling and over-indulgence extensively, especially by parents who fail to stand up to their responsibilities. On entry into married life, such children display utter inability to handle the pros and cons of married life and such homes hardly survive. Thus, the morally undisciplined child is handicapped as both spouse and parent.
3. Differences in Background: Margaret (1918) opines that even though both man and woman come from good homes, if these homes are widely and radically different in standards and in cultural backgrounds, strains may develop in later life between the couple. Differences in race, religion, and age are recognized as having a causative relation to the problem of broken home. Thorton (1991) in supporting this view, contends that in about 28 percent of the cases where the facts were ascertained, the husband and wife of a broken home were of different nationality; in 27 percent of the cases where the facts were ascertained, there were differences of over six years in age between the two; and in about 19 percent of the cases where the facts were ascertained, there were differences in religion between the two. Other differences which should find mention in under this head are those that arise when environment is changed due to immigration. Colcord (1919) states that were either of the spouse moves out of the family 's place of domicile and travels to another location either temporarily or for a fixed period, the spouse is more often discovered to have outgrown the other in reasoning indices and behavior. She further argues that the handicap is not wholly overcome when the couple relocate together, since different people possess different senses and propensities of perception of the environment around them and different rates of adaptation to same. Thus, it is not altogether unpopular to hear the saying that girls who have been in urban cities for long do not make good wives; that a man who wants to marry had better send for a girl from the countryside; and such marriages seem on the whole to turn out well compared relatively with marriages between the "city-girl" and a "country-husband".
4. Wrong Basis Of Marriage: Included here should be the hasty marriages, mercenary marriages, marriage entered into unwillingly after pregnancy had occurred, as well as marriages where coercion was a factor, as well as other reasons.Polanen(1990) maintains that where either of the spouse was coerced into the marriage by parents or relatives, such marriage usually is deemed to wreck on the long-run. Margaret (1918) contends that it is not uncommon to see females dating a man who ordinarily, they will not want to marry. Where pregnancy results from such amoral affair and one way or the other, the lady ends up with the man as his wife, such marriage tend to breakup after a while. Bumpass et al (1995) while supporting this view, opines that the reason for same is that there is complete absence of the underlying bond which should exist between married couples. To Colcord (1919), where there has been sexual relations before marriage, unless the custom of the particular society permits such intimacy, there is likely to develop jealousies, quarrels and ill-feelings. "He is always casting it up at me, but sure, it was him who is to blame" remains a version of the age-old story. There should also be included here those irregular unions called customary marriages which is allowed virtually throughout the globe. Thomas & Henry (1985) contend that the protection supposed to be afforded to the woman by this institution is merely fictitious, as it is practically impossible to secure conviction for bigamy. If the man deserts, he may admit the wife 's claim upon him, but is not bound to return and this fact undoubtedly plays its part in the causation of broken homes.
5. Lack of Education: Saheed (1988) argues that the broken home problem is linked to the level of education. In general, the more educated a person is, the less likely inclined the person will be to walk out of marriage and the home. He argues that the rate of broken homes is 30 percent lower among couples who have completed secondary school, and 80 percent lower among couples who have completed university education than among those who have not completed secondary school. Also, lower intelligence scores increases the risk of broken home. Polanen (1990) is however of the view that more is involved under this head than scanty "book-learning". She argues that ignorance of the physical and spiritual basis of married life is one of the potent causes of broken homes.
The views presented under this head is supported by a typical example cited by Colcord (1919) of the home of a certain Alfred West broken by the desertion of the husband. There seemed at first no good explanation for him to desert his home. Both his record and that of his wife were good, and their mutual fondness of the children seemed a strong bond. They constantly bickered however, over the small income Alfred was able to earn, and his wife and her relations looked down upon him as being lower than they in the social scale. Inquiry into past history showed that he had grown up in a community where there were no facilities for education, and that he could not read nor write until after his marriage. Although of average capacity, he was restricted by his early lack of training in his choice of a job, and the mortification and sense of inferiority which his wife fostered led to discouragement and indifference which ended in desertion. It took a thorough understanding of the two backgrounds involved by enable a social worker effect reconciliation, with the woman 's eyes opened to her ungenerous behavior and the man taking steps to improve his education in a night school.
6. Occupational Faults: Colcord (1919) contends that closely allied to the foregoing and in some respects growing out of it, is the shortcoming on the employment side that contributes to marital instability. Most of this can be referred back to lack of education or opportunity in youth, or even to defects in character. Laziness, incompetence, lack of skill in any trade, lack of application, or, on the other hand, the possession by a man with no business stake in the community of a trade at which he can work wherever he takes his family to go, or of a trade which is seasonal and shifting, all have a direct relation to the issue of broken home. Corresponding to and complementing the man 's industrial defects, and springing from the same causes is the woman 's failure in the business of being a housewife. The wife 's laziness, incompetence, lack of interest, and lack of skill and knowledge creates the sort of home that tends to get itself broken. These faults in the wife are responsible for as many broken homes probably as are the faults of the husband. When the man and the wife are both industrial failures, the extremity of family breakdown is found and is usually a "chronic non-support case".
7. Poverty And Money Troubles: Saheed (1988) maintains that poverty on the part of the husband has been identified as a prime factor responsible for broken homes. Gone are the days when employment opportunities were apparent in our society. Today the reverse is the case as millions of school graduates with certificates remain floating in the already saturated labour market. Moreover, millions of workers are now rendered unemployed due to one problem or the other in the economic system. A good number of families thus live from hand to mouth as a result of quagmire of poverty and penury. This leads to inability of the husband to provide adequately for the family, hence there is breakup. This view is supported by the position of McLanahan (1989), stating that in general, the greater a man 's income relative to his spouse 's, the higher the marriage rate and the lower the divorce rate. For women, marriage rates are highest in local areas that offer the fewest economic alternatives to marriage. The more women earn, the less attractive marriage appears to be in general. Family breakup rate doubles for young married couples if the husband is unemployed at any time during the first year of marriage, and is 50 percent higher if both spouses are unemployed. According to the University of Wisconsin Professor, Larry Bumpass in his 1990 presidential address to the Population Association of America, "If marriage assures neither a two-parent family for the child, nor lifetime economic security for the woman, the need of marriage is much less compelling". However, Colcord (1919) contends that aside poverty, problems in management of family finance may lead to a broken home. A family may be resourceful in terms of finance but if it cannot adequately allocate such financial resources to appropriately meet competing needs, it is no better than a poor family and in fact, may even fare worse since the poor know that they have not; but such family is like the proverbial ignorant who despite proximity to a water source, makes do with spittle in lieu of water.
8. Ill Health and Infertility: Colcord (1919) maintains that researchers and academicians are agreed that physical health condition plays a part, though usually indirect and secondary in the breakup of a home. Ill health in the man may lower his vitality, cause irregular work, and super induce a condition of despondency and readiness to give in. In the woman, it brings about careless housekeeping, lack of attractiveness, and disinclination to sexual intercourse, all being factors that directly culminate in a broken home. Continued ill health breeds financial and other burdens which tend to lower the morale of the family members and induces frustration which can lead to a broken home. Akin to the ill health factor is the issue of infertility. Saheed (1988) opines that infertility of the home is another major factor leading to a broken home. In a situation where a couple live together for over a decade and there are no children, problems will arise, such that the couple may begin to suspect each other of the misfortunes of the family. Such misunderstanding in no small way has contributed to the collapse of many homes in recent times. Polanen (1990) supports this view, stating that the inability to have children by a couple can lead to a broken home. The joy of every marriage is for the couple to be blessed with children, but where none is forthcoming, it can lead to frustration and eventual breakup of the marriage. In societies where male children are preferred and accorded higher social status and privileges than their female counterparts, the inability of the couple to have male children may lead to serious tension which if left unchecked may disintegrate the home, not minding the fact that the family already has female children.
10. Temperamental Incompatibility: Colcord (1919) contends that temperamental differences and incompatibility may adversely affect the overall well-being of the home and eventually cause its breakup if not promptly addressed and checked. Such differences in standards of right and wrong, proper and improper conduct, etc are common examples. This is usually manifested in the bringing-up of the children. Extreme self-righteousness on the part of one or the other, nagging, petty criticism, unreasonable jealousy, "sulking-spells" and violent quarrels are some of its manifestations. Bumpass et al (1995) while supporting this view, state that the idea of over-possession exercised by either of the couple, especially a tendency to dominate or try to control on the part of the woman, may be a causal factor leading to a broken home. He further argues that the lack of a saving sense of humor in on or both spouses is often a complicating factor. These comparatively minor differences take a on a serious complexion in the minds of the couple and disintegrate their union. In adoption of the above positions, Polanen (1990) states that incompatibility of the couple could lead to conflict. It is expected that a couple should understand themselves after marriage. However, when there are too many conflicts among them, this could lead to separation.
11. Sexual Incompatibility: Colcord (1919) contends that this single cause operates disastrously to disrupt many marriages or else render them unstable. Where the sex habits of the couple are incompatible, for instance, the man is a selfish brute, or the wife suffers from sexual anesthesia, the stage is set for a broken home. Bumpass et al (1995) maintains that such strange sexual perversions in either couple could led to separation. Sex maladjustments, both physical, mental or spiritual which inhibits the complete sexual satisfaction of one or both of the couple can disintegrate their union.
12. Vicious Habits: Indulgence in certain bad practices and habits may spell woe for a home. Polanen (1990) states that infidelity of either couple could lead to a broken home. When either the husband or wife is unfaithful to the extent of having extra-marital affairs, this can lead to conflicts, which eventually may break the home. This view is supported by Saheed (1988), maintaining that infidelity is a good reason for a broken home. This problem is very common in the society today because couples enjoy having extra-marital affairs outside the matrimonial home. In the man, it may culminate in polygamy which in itself is a bomb which leads to the collapse of the institution of marriage of which surprisingly, it is a form. This is based on the premise that a polygamous family is dominated by jealousy, rivalry and undue competition for the love of the husband, all being indices that lead to the collapse of a home. Another of such ill practices is alcoholism. Colcord (1919) maintains that the causal relation of alcoholism to the issue of broken home is so direct and ostensive that it ought not be included among contributory factors at all. Being an active poison to the cells of the nervous system, it may bring about deteriorations of the mind and character that are directly to blame for such anti-social phenomena like broken homes. The same is true in less degree of the use of narcotics; though drug habits are far less common in connection with broken homes than alcoholism. Alcoholism in the woman is a real contributory factor and nowadays is very frequent. It is believed that alcoholism is more devastating in its effects on character in women than in men, and that there is less hope of a cure.
13. Inadequate Courtship: Saheed (1988) maintains that another major factor causing separation of couples is inadequate courtship. The lady is often interested in money and the man in beauty. Couples no longer wait longer to study each other 's likes and dislikes. Absence of courtship leads to incompatibility after marriage. This is because where a lady marries a man because of money, the end of money means the end of the marriage; and a man who marries a lady because of beauty becomes less interested in her when beauty begins to fade after two children. This makes a marriage hit the rocks in a short period after its consummation.

Contributory Factors in the Community Polanen (1990) and Colcord (1919) are both agreed that the family 's immediate community, one way or the other influences their breakup. They identify the following factors as being contributed by the community in this regard:
1. Interference of Relatives: The tendency of relatives to take sides against their in-law is a matter for everyone 's observation and is frequently found to be a serious factor leading to a broken home. The harmful interference of relatives may break an otherwise stable home. Relatives can be a causal factor of marital discord even without directly interfering. For instance, a couple may become inclined to a habit of frequent quarrels and temporary separations because of parents who stand ready to take them back whenever they choose to live apart. Relatives within the home as well as outside it may exercise an unfortunate influence on marital relations.
2. Racial Attitudes Towards Marriage: The racial factor is a strong contributory factor to the broken home affair. Not only the individual 's own background, but also the attitude of the people whence he grew up towards the sanctity of marriage, towards the position of women in the home, and towards the importance of restraint in sexual relations, have effects on the broken home rate of any given social group.
3. Community Standards: It cannot be over-emphatically stated that any tendency in the community to belittle or ridicule the estate of matrimony has a definite effect on its breakup. The series in comic supplements, certain comic films in the moving picture shows and forms of drama referred to as "bedroom farce" are examples of these destructive forces. Most of the people who laugh at them accept them as a humorous formula and are not seriously affected by them; but their educational effect on young people is bound to be bad and false to the last degree. In so far as they overemphasize romantic love and disparage conjugal love, the originators of these materials do great disservice to the family. Another way in which the community may affect the popular conception of marriage is in the administration of civil marriage. Lack of care in the enforcement of laws relating to marriage and lack of gravity in the performance of the ceremonies may have a decided reaction on respect for those laws and for the institution itself. Similarly, the administration of divorce laws may affect the popular conception of marriage. It is not unusual to see an entire neighbourhood condone a situation where a spouse deserts the home for another man or woman on the grounds that if they had been rich, they could have got a divorce.
4. Lack of Recreation: Although affects the person of the individual, proper recreation depends in a large measure on what the community provides or makes available. The tendency of a man to get his recreation apart from his family in saloons and social clubs is responsible for many family maladjustments. Any change in family habits of recreation which means that the family enjoy fewer things together is a danger signal, the seriousness of which is not always appreciated. Faulty recreation is a factor in family breakdown.
5. Influence of Companions: As a contributory factor to the problem of broken home, this is closely connected with the other factors. Neighbourhood standards, as they affect individuals, are apt to be transmitted through the small group nearest to the family members; as it is trite that a man 's companions have the freest opportunity of influencing him during their common periods of interaction. The influence of companions is not often met as a force deliberately exerted to bring about a broken home; but on the other hand, a man 's own mental contrast between his condition and that of his other companions often plays a definite part in his subsequent behavioural reaction in the home.

Social Status of a Broken Home The International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, states that until the year 1920, the term 'status ' was most commonly used to refer to either the legally enforceable capacities or limitations of people, or to their relative superiority or inferiority, whichever was applicable. More recently however, the rights and duties fixed by law seem increasingly significant than those fixed by custom, though each plays significant roles in its determination. Thus, the term 'status ' has come to be a synonym for the position of a person or institution in any social system. Formerly, superiority of status could mean any sort of hierarchical ordering of power, authority, wealth or honour; but presently to many, superiority of status refers only to self-esteem, prestige, honour and respect, which are all subject to varying forms of evolution. Luiton (1936) states that a status is marked off by the fact the destructive belief about, and expectation of several actors are organized around it. He asserts that several constitutional characteristics are very common basis of status. Nevertheless, he points out the fact that status is a phenomenon not borne of the intrinsic characteristics of man, but of social organization; for while it is in the nature of one society to define status in terms of a particular characteristic, in other societies, it may be completely irrelevant to consider the same characteristics. Even where the same characteristics are used, it may be employed differently by different societies. What matters therefore, Luiton concludes, is not what really is but what people believe. To this end, sociology typically takes status as the basic unit while analyzing a social system. In his own view, Mahnwsky (1976) states that in all societies, a socially recognized family has been recognized as indispensable to the social system. He insists that a family is only socially recognized if composed of all its members intact as a single and functional unit. Also commenting on the same issue, David Sills in theInternational Encyclopedia of Social Science, states that the significance of legitimacy is a necessary condition for the family to carry out its functions. In this sense, he argues that the initial meaning of the phrase 'broken home ' is not that the family constituting same has no status, but rather, that it lacks any recognized position in the society. Adopting the above position, Coser (1974) in his work titled"Family, its structure and function" posits that all members of the family must exist as an integrated unit before legitimacy can be socially conferred. He thus concludes that roughly speaking, a broken home is under a social bar with the attendant consequences on its members. Also Mahnwsky (1976) in his book, "Parenthood, The Basic Social Structure", introduced a principle which he regarded as a universal sociological law which stipulates that no child should be brought into this world without a socially recognized home. He considers this as the most important moral and legal rule for the child 's psychological development. Coser (1974) also suggests that the principle of legitimacy does not operate under the adverse condition of a broken home. In such cases, the home need not trouble itself about her social status as it has and acquires none. He insists that whether the children and their mother are stigmatized or the same obtains on the part of the father, the principle of legitimacy obtains throughout mankind and thus, a family of only a spouse and the children is incomplete, making the sociological and psychological position of the absent member of the family to be regarded as indisputable.

Effects of Broken Home On The Family And The Society Polanen (1990) maintains that a broken home has a number of effects on the particular family involved. Some of these are immediate while the others only begin to manifest after a short period of time. Colcord (1919) states that chief amongst the effects of a broken home on the family is its effects on the children of such homes. She maintains that there is a mountain of scientific evidence showing that when families disintegrate, children often end up with intellectual, physical and emotional scars that persist for life. All these ills trace back predominantly to the broken family. This position lends credence to the age-old adage that when two elephants fight, the grass beneath suffer. Saheed (1988) supports this view, stating that children form broken homes end up with a condition that is called Attachment Disorder. As the phrase suggests, it is the lack of attachment that brings about a package of ill behaviours. A neglected and abused child of a broken home ends up with it, since no one cares for him or her. He lives in emotional pain all the time, thus, hurting people comes naturally. The child may even with a reasonable allowance still indulge in stealing, drugs and other delinquent acts. He maintains that young-offender laws cannot undo the feeling of insecurity and low self-esteem that these children grow up with. McLanahan (1989) opines that the most significant consequence of a broken home is that it increases the propensity of children form such homes to experience marital instability in future. Men and women from divorced families are more likely to experience separation and divorce. Luiton (1936) states that when a marriage breaks up, the parents are less able to invest as much time in their children as necessarily required. As a result, their children 's human capital will not be as developed as supposed and they will experience inferior adult outcomes. At times, the children are drawn into the conflict between their parents, and may not as a result, learn the skills needed for the appropriate resolution of differences and building of viable relationships. Margaret (1918) suggests that the stability of a home is important for its prosperity as it affects its income. A broken home poses harmful effects on the income of the family. For a mother with children, divorce increases her financial responsibilities and typically, correspondingly force upwards her hours of work outside the home. This additional work hours also disrupt her network of support for parenting her children. Krantz (1988) argues that the breakup of the home ushers in a dramatic decline in the standard of living of its members. The worst hit are those belonging to the lower socio-economic groups since they experience greater hardships in event of a broken home. Morgan et al (1987) supports this view, and maintains that after a home is broken, their assets and most times, the matrimonial home inclusive may be sold and the proceeds used to start off again. In conclusion, he states that evidence indicates that the income of broken households with children drops significantly, thereby lessening the likelihood of asset formation. Coser (1974) maintains that the breakup of the home reduces its rating or ranking in the society. Its social status most times is reduced to zero level. Members of such families are looked down on in the society, scorned and disdained. Most times, they are deprived of certain societal benefits and privileges available to other stable homes. This typically applies in the Nigerian context where it is unthinkable that a divorced woman without re-marring can stand for an elective position. Polanen (1990) argues that the ever-increasing rate of broken homes endangers the society since it increases the number of juvenile delinquents and other social deviants. The groups represented here take to all sorts of crime and other social vices that undermine the effective and efficient functioning and continued existence of the society. Saheed (1988) suggests that the nation 's economic difficulties are rooted not in technical economic forces (like exchange rate or capital formation); but in fundamental moral causes. He argues that there exists a deeply intuitive reasoning that the success of a market-based economy greatly depends on a highly developed sense of social morality – trustworthiness, honesty, concern for future generations, an ethic of service to others, a human society that takes care of those in need, frugality instead of greed, high standards of quality and concern for community amongst others. These economically desirable social values, in turn are seen as rooted in family values. Thus, the link in public reasoning between a healthy family and a robust economy, though indirect, is clear and firm. He states that when the rate of broken homes is on the increase, these desirable social values are taken away from the society and this contingency in turn affects the economic condition of the society adversely.

Possible Solution Colcord (1919) argues that the solutions to the problem of broken home in the society may be classified into preventive and corrective measures of control. The preventive measures refers to those undertaken to inhibit the possible collapse of the family structure while the corrective measures, conversely, refers to those undertaken as panacea to help ameliorate the condition of an already broken home. Saheed (1988) maintains that the education of the masses on marriage principles remain a sure way of preventing the breakup of the home. He argues that marriages are falling apart and other marriages never begin as adults may choose to cohabit as sexual partners and sometimes have children, instead of get married. He opines that churches and Christian organizations must teach marriage principles so that marriages will last. Sound biblical education is necessary to put marriages back on firm foundation. Lichter et al (1991) seriously contend that the adoption of good habits may help prevent and/or correct the problem of broken home. Where the causal factor stems from the vicious habits of either of the spouse, a total renouncement of such habits may help restore the love and confidence which ought to exist in the home and save it from tearing apart. Colcord (1919) is of the view that the government should review laws relating to divorce and judicial separation so as to make it more difficult and less favourable for couples to obtain a divorce, except where the situation cannot be helped. At all times, correction of the problem leading to such ugly situation should be emphasized while the option of dissolving the marriage should be de-emphasized. Morgan et al (1987) argues that if more and better job opportunities are created in the society, it may go a long way in improving the economic situation of most families and this in turn will help reduce the rate of broken homes attributed to poverty as a causal factor.

Theoretical Framework The problem of broken home and its effects on the family in particular, and the society in general could better be understood using the functionalist theory. Since every research enterprise is based on a theory or set of theories which provide the general orientation for the researcher 's arguments, assumptions and predictions, the theoretical thrust of this study is based on the functionalist theory. Functionalism is associated with the work of well-known sociologists such as Auguste Comte, Emile Durkheim andTalcott Parsons, an American Sociologist who is regarded as the father of modern functionalism. The functionalist holds that the society is composed of different parts and that each of these parts has an important function or duty to perform towards maintaining the society as a functional whole, and that these parts are closely related such that any malfunctioning of one of these parts leads to a state of disequilibrium while the functioning of all the parts lead to a state of equilibrium or homeostatic. It presupposes here that the survival is based on the compatibility of the different parts of the social structures in terms of functions and roles they play. Functionalism seeks to describe the social system in terms of structures, mechanisms, processes, and functions and to explain why a given structure rather than another contributes to the satisfaction of a given functional requisite at a given time. Basically, functionalists agree that society serves definite basic needs or requirement which otherwise is called functional pre-requisites which must be met if the society is to survive. Relating the functionalist theory to this study, it has been observed that there are reciprocal ties that bind the individual members of the home, and also other reciprocal ties binding the family as a single, integrated unit to the mechanism of the society in general. For instance, the adoption of vicious habits by a spouse (like infidelity, drunkenness or even crime at the extreme) ushers in several forces that weaken the bond that traditionally should exist in the home. On the long run, this may lead to its collapse. The collapse of the home presupposes that the duties and obligations that accrue to the individual members are no longer to be discharged as of course. This spells severe hardship on the family members. The children most times may take to crime and other delinquent activities. This in turn affects the society as experiences tremendous increase in crime rate and other anti-social behaviours. At the extreme, this increase may affect both local and foreign investment in the economy leading to severe hardship to the society in general. Conversely, corruption and embezzlement of public funds by those in authority presupposes that the society may no longer be able to provide for the needs of its constituent members. Economically, these individual members suffer untold hardship as they are unable to meet up with their obligations due to unavailability of necessary resources. This situation in turn spells doom for the home. The inability of the family breadwinner to provide food and other necessities for the household will usher in several deviant behaviours in the character of the individual members that constitute the home e.g., prostitution, drunkenness, armed robbery etc and no doubt, continuance of this will ultimately culminate in a broken home. Functionalists, adopting the concept of manifest and latent functions of social behavior as propounded by Robert Merton, emphasize that to avoid this problem of broken home and attendant consequences, human beings must become more sensitive to both the manifest (those consequences that are intended and recognized by the participant in a system), and latent (those consequences that are neither intended nor recognized by the participants in a system) consequences of their actions both in the family set up, and in the society generally. Such precaution will lead to a state of balance or equilibrium necessary for the continual and continuous functioning of both the home and the society as integrated units.

CHAPTER III

This chapter consists of the description of the sources of data and sample, the methodology, the description of instruments used or simply the so called data-gathering, the data-gathering procedure, and the statistical treatment applied which all shows and explains the research methodology. Research Methodology

On this section, this will refer to the philosophy of the research process of this study which includes the research design used which is the descriptive method. According to Borg and Gall (1979) one out of two classifications of types of research in education is the descriptive studies which are primarily concerned with finding out “what is.” The principal purpose of the descriptive method is to describe systematically a situation or area of interest factually and accurately. On the other hand, this study uses quantitative statistical analysis to collect data using mean as its main descriptive statistics to indicate the average score and the variability of scores for the sample.

As the research instrument of this study, questionnaires are used to gather information to require the respondents to write answers to questions about this study. According to Good (1954), “a questionnaire is a list of planned, written questions related to a particular topic, with space provided for indicating the response to each question, intended for submission to a number of persons for reply.” The questionnaires distributed contain open-ended questions to specify clearer thoughts and other ideas and close-ended questions through checklists for the common options of the respondents to make them choose easily.
Respondents

Through the estimation of the College of Computer Studies’ faculty, the researchers were able to have the assumed number of enrolled freshmen students during second semester A.Y. 2012 – 2013 of Gordon College, which is approximately 85 students (also called as the population size) among the Bachelor of Science in Information Technology (BSIT) and Bachelor of Science in Computer Science (BSCS) courses which serves as the selected respondents for this study. Area sampling is the sampling technique used in this study. According to Hutt et al. (1966) “Area sampling is a sampling technique which selects its respondents from geographical boundaries that are defined and identifiable; most often individuals selected in area sampling are identified by dwelling units within the area.” In the actual computations of the sample size, Slovin’s formula is used as the standard. The sample subjects were entitled to any freshmen students of any course as long as the respondents are enrolled under the College of Computer Studies during the said time; the sample size from the selected population carried out the research on that sample size.
The following formula and computations shows the readers of this research study on how the researcher came up with the sample size of 68.74 or approximately 69 respondents all in all. Slovin’s Formula: n = ___N___ 1 + Ne2 Where: n = sample size N = population size e = desired margin of error (0.05)

Researcher’s Computations: n = ____N____ 1 + Ne2 Substitution: n = _____83_____ 1 + (83)(0.052) n = _____83_____ 1 + (83)(0.0025) n = _____83_____ 1 + 0.2075 n = _____83_____ 1.2075 n = 68.74 approximately 69 Instrument

The researchers used a questionnaire as the research instrument for this study. It is a set or orderly arranged questions, carefully prepared to answer the problems of this study which are “What are the factors affecting students who belong to a broken family?” The questionnaires distributed contain close-ended questions through checklists for the common options of the respondents to make them choose easily.

Statistical Treatment of Data

Weighed mean of the arithmetic mean was used to process the raw data gathered into quantitative forms or numbers as to describe the study’s results. Formula used:

Where: = arithmetic mean = sum of all the scores

= total number of cases

In order to obtain percentages of the respondents’ answers to the research instruments that will be used later on to the results and discussions section, the researcher made use of the following formula on how to compute for the percentages.

Formula used:

Where: % = percentage a = number of total score of respondents per block b = total number of questionnaires distributed

Bibliography

Colcord, J.C. (1919)
Family Desertion and its Social Treatment, W.M.F. Fell & Co. Printers, Philadelphia.

Alida van Polanen (1990)
A Treatise on the Family, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.

Lawal Saheed (1988) Marriage, Divorce, Remarriage, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.

Bosanquet, H. (1906) The Family, Macmillan & Co. Press, Ltd., London

Hornby, A.S. (2006)
Oxford Advanced Learner 's Dictionary, Oxford University Press, India

Garner, B.A (2005) Black’s Law Dictionary, Abrd. 8th Ed., Thomson West Publishing Co., U.S.A.

Morgan et al (1987)
The Family in Later Life, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.

Tracy Owens (2000)
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Neumeyer, M.N (1964) Juvenile Delinquency in Modern Society, D. Van Mostard Inc. Press, New York.

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Azoro Chukwubuikem J.S. 2010. Socio-Cultural Factors Affecting Broken Homes. Retrieved January 23, 2013, from http://azorojoseph.blogspot.com/2010/07/socio-cultural-factors- affecting-broken.html?zx=ccda2f85b83f60d2

Journals and Articles Thomas & Henry (1985)
The Law and Family Connection: Increasing Dialogue in the Social Sciences, Journal of Marriage and the Family, Vol. 47.

Bumpass et al (1995) The Role of Cohabitation in the Declining Rate of Marriage,
Journal of Marriage and the Family, Vol. 93.

Bumpass et al (1991) The Impact of Family Background and Early Marital Factors on Marital Disruption, Journal of Family Issues, Vol. 12, No. 1.

Amato, P. (1996) Explaining the Intergenerational Transmission of Divorce, Journal of Marriage and the Family, Vol. 58.

Margaret, B.F (1918)
The Normal Family, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science.

Lichter et al (1991) Local Marriage Markets and the Marital Behaviour of Black and White Women, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 96, No. 4.

Thornton, A. (1991)
Influence of Marital History of Parents on the Marital and Cohabitational Experiences of Children, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 96, No. 4.

McLanahan, S. (1989)
Divorce, Family Conflict, and Adolescents ' Well-being. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Vol. 30

Kobrin & Waite (1984) Effects of Childhood Family Structure on the Transition to Marriage, Journal of Marriage and the Family, Vol. 46.

Ono, H. (1998) Husbands ' and Wives ' Resources and Marital Dissolution, Journal of Marriage and the Family, Vol. 60.

Bibliography: Colcord, J.C. (1919) Family Desertion and its Social Treatment, W.M.F   Alida van Polanen (1990)   Lawal Saheed (1988) Marriage, Divorce, Remarriage, Harvard University Press, Cambridge. Garner, B.A (2005) Black’s Law Dictionary, Abrd. 8th Ed., Thomson West Publishing Co., U.S.A.   Morgan et al (1987)   Tracy Owens (2000)   Neumeyer, M.N (1964) Juvenile Delinquency in Modern Society, D   Yaro Yamani (1964) Azoro Chukwubuikem J.S. 2010. Socio-Cultural Factors Affecting Broken Homes. Retrieved January 23, 2013, from http://azorojoseph.blogspot.com/2010/07/socio-cultural-factors- affecting-broken.html?zx=ccda2f85b83f60d2 Journals and Articles   Thomas & Henry (1985)   Bumpass et al (1995) The Role of Cohabitation in the Declining Rate of Marriage,   Bumpass et al (1991)    The Impact of Family Background and Early Marital Factors on Marital Disruption, Journal of Family Issues, Vol   Margaret, B.F (1918) Lichter et al (1991) Local Marriage Markets and the Marital Behaviour of Black and White Women, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 96, No. 4. Kobrin & Waite (1984) Effects of Childhood Family Structure on the Transition to Marriage, Journal of Marriage and the Family, Vol. 46.