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Reaksi Alergi Fase Cepat Case Study

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Reaksi Alergi Fase Cepat Case Study
a. Reaksi Alergi Fase Cepat (RAFC) Kedua rantai IgE akan mengikat alergen spesifik dan terjadi degranulasi sel mastosit dan sel basofil bila mukosa yang sudah tersensitisasi terpajan oleh alergen yang sama. Degranulasi ini mengakibatkan keluarnya mediator primer (Preformed Mediators) terutama histamin. Mediator sekunder (Newly Formed Mediators) berupa prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), Leukotrien D4 (LT D4), Leukotrien C4 (LT C4), bradikinin, Platelet Activating Factor (PAF), dan berbagai sitokin seperti IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, GM-CSF (Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor) dll juga akan dikeluarkan pada fase ini. Proses inilah yang disebut sebagai Reaksi Alergi Fase Cepat (Irawati dkk, 2007). Histamin yang dikeluarkan oleh sel mast akan …show more content…
RAFC ini ditandai dengan penambahan jumlah dan jenis sel inflamasi seperti eosinofil, limfosit, netrofil, basofil, dan mastosit di mukosa hidung serta peningkatan sitokin seperti IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, GM-CSF, dan ICAM 1 pada sekret hidung. Mekanisme tertariknya eosinofil di mukosa hidung dipengaruhi sekresi sitokin oleh sel mast, eosinofil, dan sel Th2, yang dapat meningkatkan ekspresi molekul adhesi endotel (IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, GM-CSF) dan eosinofil chemoattractant (eotaxin, IL-5, RANTES). Oleh pengaruh IL-3, IL-5 dan GM-CSF meningkatkan survival eosinofil di jaringan. Pelepasan granula eosinofil yang mengandung berbagai macam mediator inflamasi yaitu major basic protein (MBP), eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), eosinophil derived neurotoxin (EDN) dan eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) menyebabkan timbulnya gejala hiperaktif atau hiperresponsif pada hidung (Irawati dkk, 2007; Novina, …show more content…
Pemeriksaan Fisik Pemeriksaan rinoskopi anterior didapatkan mukosa edem, basah, berwarna pucat atau livid disertai adanya sekret encer yang banyak. Mukosa hidung akan tampak hipertrofi apabila gejalanya persisten. (Irawati dkk, 2007).
3. Pemeriksaan Penunjang
a. Pemeriksaan in vitro
Hitung eosinofil dalam apusan darah tepi dapat meningkat maupun normal, namun kadarnya juga dipengaruhi oleh infeksi dan pemberian kortikosteroid. Demikian pula pemeriksaan kadar IgE total (prist-paper radio immunosorbent test) didapatkan normal pada 50% pasien alergi. Pemeriksaan kadar IgE spesifik bisa dilakukan dengan metode RAST (Radio Allergosorbent Test), ELISA (Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay), atau RAST enzim untuk menentukan jenis alergen yang spesifik (Irawati dkk, 2007; Sudewi dkk, 2009)
b. Pemeriksaan in vivo
Alergi penyebab dapat dicari dengan cara pemeriksaan uji kulit yang dapat dilakukan dengan 3 cara, yaitu cara intradermal, uji tusuk (skin prick test/SPT), dan uji gores (scratch test). SPT memiliki sensitivitas lebih rendah namun spesifitasnya lebih tinggi dan memiliki korelasi yang lebih baik dengan gejala yang timbul dibandingkan dengan uji intradermal (Sudewi,

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