Introduction: In this experiment we will determine how the difference in length and diameter of a blood vessel have an effect on the resistance of blood flow and how the viscosity of blood will also effect the resistance of blood flow in a blood vessel.…
The purpose of this lab is to successfully infiltrate E. coli bacterial cells with a pARA-R plasmid that is antibiotic resistant and has the rfp gene, or red fluorescent protein. This can be verified if the E. coli obtains the characteristics of the plasmid when it enters. To start, three Petri plates containing agar are needed. On each plate there is a control group and a treatment group; the treatment group being the one with the plasmid. Before the plasmid is put with the E. coli, first the bacteria are “stressed out” by warming them up in a hot water bath and cooling them down very rapidly in ice. The first plate consists of Luria Broth (LB), the second plate consists of LB and the antibiotic ampicillin (amp), and the last one contains LB, amp, and the sugar arabinose (ara). The bacterial cells are subjected to a heat shock and then are placed onto the three plates. The plasmid is spread on to only half of the first two plates, on the sides of the treatment group. Half of the E. coli get the plasmids and the other half do not (that side being the control group). On the third plate the plasmids are spread on the whole plate. The bacteria are left in an…
B. subtilis showed temperature characteristics of a psychrotroph, growing specifically between temperature ranges of 10 to 30°C with no growth at higher temperatures. When bacterial cells are subjected to higher temperatures, different components of the bacterial cell including phospholipids, nucleic acids, and proteins become denatured resulting in the disruption of tertiary structures (Nadwell 1999). In comparison, when temperatures decrease below the optimal temperature, the affinity for substrates of bacterial cells also decreases, due to the hardening of lipids within the membrane (Nadwell 1999). This further causes a…
The topic of this research involved the occurrence of genetic transformation in bacteria (E. Coli). More specifically, a previously prepared pGLO plasmid--which consisted of the gene to be cloned--was used to transform non-pathogenic bacteria. The pGLO plasmid contained a gene for the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) from a bioluminescent jellyfish and a gene for resistance to ampicillin, an antibiotic. Essentially, we wanted to determine the conditions of the bacteria that would glow. Our hypothesis was that the transformed solution with no plasmid DNA and ampicillin would produce no bacteria colonies, as it wouldn 't be able to grow without the gene for ampicillin resistance. Also, the transformed solution with just LB and ampicillin would produce bacteria colonies but the transformed solution with LB/ampicillin/Arabinose would produce glowing bacteria colonies (as Arabinose allows the GFP gene to be expressed, but in both cases bacteria colonies would be present because of the gene of resistance to the antibiotic, ampicillin). We essentially made the required transformed solutions--and the controls--swiped them on the agar plate, and then observed to see whether or not bacteria colonies grew and whether or not they glowed. Our data fully supported our hypothesis. We can thus conclude that bacteria can take in foreign DNA through the process of transformation and that this foreign DNA can fundamentally change the bacteria (ex: making it glow). Future research can involve inserting other pieces of DNA into bacteria from different organisms, making the bacteria take on various phenotypic characteristics.…
This experiment is aimed to examine the effects of environment such as Oxygen, Temperature, pH and Osmotic Limitations on the growth of a various kind of bacteria.…
Based upon your results, is your bacteria sample a strict aerobe, strict anaerobe, facultative anaerobe, or microaerophile?…
Results/Analysis: Gained knowledge about culture media and how to distinguish various types of microbial growth. I also learn about variable conditions that are required for microbial growth, including oxygen levels and temperature.…
Procedure: Obtained a small Styrofoam cooler placed two small light bulbs in side and observed temperature over 24 hours to ensure temperature could be maintained between 98-100 degrees. Using a 10% bleach solution I then cleaned my work area. Transferring one capsule of L. acidopholis into a tube of MRS broth using the aseptic transfer technique then marked a line on test tube to record sediment. Labeled tube of nutrient broth S. epidermidis, then using a sterile swab obtained sample of bacteria from skin then transferred using the aseptic transfer technique into the sterile media. Incubated both specimens for 48 hours observed and recording results of growth at 24 and 48 hours. After observing final growth pattern at 48 hours prepared both wet mount and direct stain slide for each of the cultures. Viewed under microscope using both the 40X and 100X oil immersion lens. Disinfected work area.…
Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell, resulting from the intake of exogenous genetic material through the surrounding cell membrane. The purpose of this lab was to determine transformation of bacteria by testing the effect of P Vib plasmid of E. coli MM294, and how the color of the E. coli bacteria changes. In this lab, two small test tubes were given calcium chloride, E. coli MM294, and one of the tubes also received the plasmid P Vib. The test tubes were then placed in ice, heat shocked, and then a small amount of the contents were extracted and placed into two petri dishes containing ampicillin (hinders growth of bacteria). After a couple of days, the petri dish without P Vib displayed no signs of colonization in the E. coli…
Ameirs SM, Farah OR. 1976. Cytological effects of pesticides VIII. Effects of the carbamate pesticides “IPC”, “Rogor”, and “Duphar”, on Vicia faba. Cytologia. 41, 3-4: (597-606).…
The rate of photosynthesis is affected by environmental factors like light intensity, light wavelength, and temperature. This experiment will test the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis in a plant called Elodea. Elodea is an easy plant to use for this experiment because it is cheap, abundant, and easy to take care of. This photosynthetic organism needs to be kept in an aerated freshwater tank. To do this experiment, put the Elodea in a beaker of freshwater. Anchor the Elodea using a small weight like a paperclip so that the plant remains in the same position and up right through the entire experiment. Place the beaker of water containing the Elodea in front of a light bulb. In between the beaker and the light bulb, there should be a separate beaker of water that is used to absorb any heat produced by the light. This way the experiment will not be affected by another environmental factor, temperature. Every thirty seconds for five minutes, count the number of bubbles given off by the Elodea. After the first five minutes, move the beaker containing the Elodea about ten centimeters back and let it stand for two minutes so that it can adjust to the new intensity of the light. Count the bubbles released every thirty seconds for five minutes. Move the Elodea back ten more centimeters, let it adjust for two more minutes, then count the number of bubbles…
Bacteria grown in a closed system show a specific growth pattern called the growth curve which consists of four phases. The lag phase, which is a period of slow growth; exponential phase, period of maximum growth; stationary phase, where nutrients become the limiting factor making the growth rate equal to the death rate and the death phase where organisms die faster than they are replaced. It is important to know how fast a microbe grows in order to know bactericidal or antibiotic concentrations, temperature and ph at which they stop growing. Evaluating a growth curve gives you a perspective of the generation time and the mean growth rate constant which would help you estimate the minimum, maximum and optimum growth temperature of the microbe. In this experiment you would be able to see the duration of each phase, the mean growth rate constant (k) is used to measure how fast cells are dividing in a culture, generation time, optical density (OD) which s the measure of the amount of light absorbed by a suspension of bacterial cells, and the organism’s minimum, maximum, and optimum temperatures…
What is the relationship between an increase in light intensity and photosynthetic rate in leaves?…
Olive and Barbier report on research conducted in Université de Poitiers, in France. The goal of their experiment was to compare the time and cognitive effort it takes for students to take notes when the information is in a paragraph verses when the information is formatted into bullet points. To compare this, the participants were split into groups. One group took notes from a text formatted into bullet points, the other took notes from a paragraph. The participates each took notes from their respective texts while responded to auditory probes at the same time. After taking notes, they summarized their respective texts by looking at the notes they had taken during the note-taking phase. Throughout the entire experiment (while taking notes…
The efficacy of sunscreen of different protectant levels to protect bacteria from ultra-violet (UV) light…