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Pokok-Pokok Pikiran Max Weber the Theory of Social and Economic Organization Dan Rasionalisme/Modernisme

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Pokok-Pokok Pikiran Max Weber the Theory of Social and Economic Organization Dan Rasionalisme/Modernisme
POKOK-POKOK PIKIRAN MAX WEBER
THE THEORY OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION
DAN RASIONALISME/MODERNISME

Konteks

Sebagaimana telah dibahas dalam diskusi kita minggu kemarin, perhatian Weber yang utama adalah pada landasan keteraturan sosial yang absah (legitimate) dalam setiap hubungan sosial, yang didalamnya terdapat pola-pola dominasi yang diterima sebagai yang benar oleh semua pihak dalam kelompok sosial tersebut.

Di sisi lain, ketertarikan Weber pada struktur otoritas dipengaruhi oleh kepentingan politiknya. Weber bukanlah seorang politikus radikal; bahkan, ia kerap dijuluki "Marx borjuis" sebagai cerminan kemiripan ketertarikan intelektual Marx dan Weber sekaligus perbedaan orientasi politik keduanya.

Weber juga memberi kritik banyak pada kapitalisme di masanya, tetapi berbeda dengan Marx, ia tidak merekomendasikan revolusi sebagai jalan untuk memperbaiki kebobrokan kapitalisme. Kepercayaannya pada massa dan kelas menengah yang memegang kekuasaan pada birokrasi untuk menciptakan masyarakat yang lebih baik, sangat kecil. Harapan Weber yang besar untuk perubahan masyarakat disandarkan pada para pemimpin politik, yang menunjukkan kuatnya rasa nasionalisme dalam dirinya.

Pokok-pokok Pikiran

Otoritas, atau dalam bagian lain disebut "imperative control" atau "imperative co-ordination" (Herrschaft), didefinisikan sebagai peluang dipatuhinya perintah-perintah tertentu dari seseorang oleh anggota-anggota kelompoknya. Weber membatasi definisi ini dengan tidak mencakup semua modus pemakaian ‘power' atau ‘influence' pada semua orang, karena keduanya tidak mensyaratkan kesukarelaan setiap orang untuk tunduk pada pemberi perintah.

Padahal bagi Weber, satu kriteria dasar bagi imperative control ini adalah adanya kepatuhan sukarela (voluntary submission), sekaligus juga kepentingan –baik yang didasari oleh motif-motif tersembunyi atau penerimaan yang tulus—dalam kepatuhan tersebut .

Berdasarkan kriteria di atas, Weber melihat ada tiga tipe otoritas

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