Physiology M2 Explain Long Term Effects Of Exercise

(M2)Explain the long-term effects of exercise on the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory and energy systems.
Matthew Widdowson.

Introduction.
This power point presentation will explain the long-term effects of exercise on the musculoskeletal system, the cardiovascular system, the respiratory system and the energy system.

Skeletal System.
Increase

in mineral storage.

Minerals are vital for the skeleton, especially calcium, as they are what makes it up. Without them the skeletal system would become brittle and weak, so consuming adequate calcium is imperative for bone health. Calcium storage occurs mainly in the femur, fibula and tibia.

Increased joint mobility.
The bones and joints are avascular, this means they have little or no blood supply. To keep joints healthy and keep cartilage sufficiently lubricated and nourished, the joints produce an oil-like substance called synovial fluid. As a person exercises the synovial fluid becomes warmer so it allows for a greater range of movement with a decreased risk of injury.

Increased joint stability.
Within the joint is a type of cartilage called hyaline cartilage, this is the cartilage that covers the ends of bones, also called articular cartilage, which protects the bone. Regular exercise will result in an increase in thickness of the hyaline cartilage. It helps protect the bones from wear and tear reducing the risk of injury making the joint more stable.

Increased bone density
Regular exercise helps to slow the rate of aging of the skeleton and has been shown to be a safe and potent stimulus to maintain and even increase bone mass in adults. Weight bearing exercise is said to be the most beneficial as bone has the ability to alter strength in response to mechanical stress. During the process of bone formation and resorbtion there is an increase in the deposit of mineral (Calcium and Vitamin
D)and an increase in the formation of collagen fibres. During the process, osteoblasts and osteoclasts play a role in removing dirt and cleaning the bones.

Cardiovascular system.
Cardiac Hypertrophy
The wall on the left ventricle of the heart thickens this increases the strength of the hearts contractions, meaning that more blood is pumped around the body in each beat. This causes more oxygen to reach the working muscles when exercising.

Increase in stroke volume
Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped from the heart in each beat. The higher the stroke volume the more oxygen and nutrients gets delivered to the working muscles at a faster rate which allows the body to expose of more carbon dioxide and lactic acid.
Decrease in resting heart rate
Our resting heart rate decreases as a result of long term exercise, this means that the workload of the heart reduces and its able to return to the correct heart rate quicker enabling you to carry on with the exercise.