Physical Devlopment in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Chapter 4
Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

[Slide 2] Body Growth

∙Gain 50% in height from birth to age 1 -75% by age 2

∙Grow in spurts -gain “baby fat” until about 9 months, then get slimmer -girls slightly shorter, lighter than boys

Includes a lot of physical development ∙Born: 2 feet ∙Age 1: 3 feet

[Slide 3] Body Growth During First Two Years

[Slide 4] Growth Differences

∙Male/Female -cognitively, females grow faster -physically, males grow faster
∙Ethnic
∙Individual Rate -skeletal age -growth norms -norms are there to give you a guidelines, children grow at a individual rate

[Slide 5] Growth Trends

Prox: inside to outside, meaning organs to physical attributes

[Slide 6] Major Milestones of Brain Development

[Slide 7] Methods for Measuring Brain Functioning

∙Electroencephalogram (EEG)
∙Event-relate potentials (ERPs)
∙Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
∙Position emmision tomography (PET)
∙Near-infrared optical topography (NIROT)
[Slide 8] Regions of the Cerebral Cortex

∙Frontal lobe -reasoning

∙Temporal lobe -hearing and speech

∙Occipital lobe -processing sight

∙Parietal lobe -balance

[Slide 9] Lateralization of Cerebral Cortex

[Slide 10] Brain Plasticity

∙In infants and young children, parts of the brain are not yet specialized.
∙Recover better from brain injuries -Language recovers better than spacial skills. -They still have some problems with complex mental skills.

Plasticity: able to change or adapt

[Slide 11] Sensitive Periods in Brain Development

∙Experience-expectant growth -ordinary experiences “expected” by brain to grow normally

∙Experience-dependent growth -additional growth as a result of specific learning experiences
[Slide 12] Evidence of Sensitive Periods

[Slide 13] Changing States of Arousal

∙Sleep moves to an adult-like, night-day schedule during the first year.