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Research Methods
Semester 1
Session 2013/2014

EFFECT OF PESTICIDE (INSECTICIDE) USE ON ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN HEALTH

Institute of Biological Science,
Faculty of Science,
University of Malaya
1. Introduction

Human and environment are two elements that depends on each other. Environment provided shelter, food and also our basic needs which is oxygen. But, because of anthropogenic activity our environment being under pressure. However, at the end of the day the most suffering one is human itself. This research paper were focusing on the bad effect of pesticides use to our environment and us and also what action that had been taken globally to handle the problem.

The most important part is to really understand what is define as pesticide. Pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances that used for preventing, destroying repelling or mitigating any pest (US Environmental, 2007). Usually, pesticides are used to protect the plant, which in general to protect plants from damaging influences such as weeds, diseases or insect. Pesticides often being misunderstood as insecticides only but, this term also applied to other substances that used to control pests. This including herbicide, fungicide, rodenticide, antimicrobial, germicide, animal repellent, insect repellent, avicide, termiticide, disinfectant, sanitizer and insect growth regulator (Wikipedia, 2013).

Pest control is a need. It is very true. The human population nowadays is 7,197,819,362 and as predicted it will increase to 8.1 billion at 2025 (The Press Associated, 2013), thus the production of food especially from plant also going to increase its production from year to year. But, the presence of pest causes the loss of crop production. So, the farmer decided to use pesticide to control the outbreak of pesticides. Pesticides are very useful not only to farmer but also to the society. It can use to kill potential disease-causing organisms for example



References: 1. Pimentel, D., Acquay, H., Biltonen, M., Rice, P., Silva, M., Nelson, J., ... & D 'amore, M. (1992). Environmental and economic costs of pesticide use.BioScience, 42(10), 750-760 2 3. Christou, P., Capell, T., Kohli, A., Gatehouse, J. A., & Gatehouse, A. M. (2006). Recent developments and future prospects in insect pest control in transgenic crops. Trends in plant science, 11(6), 302-308. 4. Gatehouse, A. M., & Gatehouse, J. A. (1998). Identifying proteins with insecticidal activity: use of encoding genes to produce insect-resistant transgenic crops. Pesticide Science, 52(2), 165-175. 5. Matson, P. A., Parton, W. J., Power, A. G., & Swift, M. J. (1997). Agricultural intensification and ecosystem properties. Science, 277(5325), 504-509. 6. Matteson, P. C. (2000). Insect pest management in tropical Asian irrigated rice.Annual review of entomology, 45(1), 549-574. 7. Wilson, C., & Tisdell, C. (2001). Why farmers continue to use pesticides despite environmental, health and sustainability costs. Ecological Economics,39(3), 449-462. 8. Oerke, E. C. (2006). Crop losses to pests. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE-CAMBRIDGE-, 144(1), 31. 9. Hilder, V. A., & Boulter, D. (1999). Genetic engineering of crop plants for insect resistance–a critical review. Crop protection, 18(3), 177-191. 10. McLachlan, J. A., & Arnold, S. F. (1996). Environmental estrogens. American Scientist, 84(5), 452-461. 11. Ōiwa, K. (2001). Rowing the eternal sea: the story of a Minamata fisherman. Rowman & Littlefield. 12. US Environmental (July 24, 2007), What is a pesticide? epa.gov. 13. Wikipedia (Dec 12, 2013). Pesticides? wikipedia.org 14 15. Pollutants, P. O. (2011). Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. 16. Carson, R. (2002). Silent spring. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 17. Pimentel, D., Acquay, H., Biltonen, M., Rice, P., Silva, M., Nelson, J., ... & D 'amore, M. (1992). Environmental and economic costs of pesticide use.BioScience, 42(10), 750-760. 18. Gupta, M. A., & Goel, D. B. (2013). A Quantitative Study on Economic Feasibility Of Integrated Pest Management In Uttarakhand District. Int. J. Int sci. Inn. Tech. Sec. C, 2(4), 26-30. 19. Liang, J., Tang, S., Cheke, R. A., & Wu, J. (2013). Adaptive Release of Natural Enemies in a Pest-Natural Enemy System with Pesticide Resistance. Bulletin of mathematical biology, 75(11), 2167-2195. 21. Newman, R. D. (2012). Relegating malaria resurgences to history. Malaria journal, 11(1), 123. 22. Nandhihalli, B. S., Patil, B. V., & Hugar, P. (2012). Influence of synthetic pyrethroid usage on aphid resurgence in cotton. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 5(3). 23. Gerson, U., & Cohen, E. (1989). Resurgences of spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) induced by synthetic pyrethroids. Experimental & applied acarology, 6(1), 29-46. 24. Roberts, D. R. (2010). The DDT Story: Environmentalism Over Rights to Health and Life. In Vector Biology, Ecology and Control (pp. 15-25). Springer Netherlands 25 26. Tren, R., & Bate, R. (2000). When politics kills: malaria and the DDT story (Vol. 7). Liberty Institute. 27. Curtis, C. F., & Lines, J. D. (2000). Should DDT be banned by international treaty?. Parasitology today, 16(3), 119-121. 28. Spindler, M. (1983). DDT: Health aspects in relation to man and risk/benefit assessment based thereupon. In Residue reviews (pp. 1-34). Springer US. 29. Atafar, Z., Mesdaghinia, A., Nouri, J., Homaee, M., Yunesian, M., Ahmadimoghaddam, M., & Mahvi, A. H. (2010). Effect of fertilizer application on soil heavy metal concentration. Environmental monitoring and assessment,160(1-4), 83-89. 30. Fei, J., Qu, J. H., Ding, X. L., Xue, K., Lu, C. C., Chen, J. F., ... & Wang, X. R. (2010). Fenvalerate inhibits the growth of primary cultured rat preantral ovarian follicles. Toxicology, 267(1), 1-6. 31. Dawson, A. H., Eddleston, M., Senarathna, L., Mohamed, F., Gawarammana, I., Bowe, S. J., ... & Buckley, N. A. (2010). Acute human lethal toxicity of agricultural pesticides: a prospective cohort study. PLoS medicine, 7(10), e1000357. 33. Kamrin, M. A. (2010). Pesticide profiles: toxicity, environmental impact, and fate. CRC press. 34. PESTS, C. (2010). Integrated Pest Management. Encyclopedia of Biological Invasions, 3, 353.

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