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Perdarahan Saluran Cerna Bagian Atas: A Case Study

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Perdarahan Saluran Cerna Bagian Atas: A Case Study
Perdarahan saluran cerna bagian atas (PSCBA) atau upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) masih menjadi kondisi gawat darurat gastroenterologi utama yang sering ditemukan.1,2 PSCBA bermanifestasi sebagai hematemesis dan melena.3 Insidensi PSCBA mencapai 50-150 per 100.000 populasi per tahun (sekitar 1% dari total pasien yang masuk ke unit gawat darurat). Kondisi ini memerlukan tindakan yang cepat dan tepat untuk mencegah mortalitas yang mencapai 4-14% kasus.4-6
Penelitian oleh Patel et al menunjukkan bahwa penyebab utama perdarahan SCBA adalah ulkus peptikum (53%) diikuti erosi gaster atau gastritis (43%). Sebanyak 74% dari pasien dengan SCBA tersebut mengonsumsi NSAID.7 Dua faktor risiko utama dalam terjadinya PSCBA adalah infeksi Helicobacter
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Pada pasien berisiko (usia ≥ 60 tahun) yang mengonsumsi OAINS konvensional dalam jangka waktu 6 bulan, akan mengalami ulkus peptikum sebanyak 17,1%, sedangkan pasien yang mengonsumsi inhibitor COX-2 selektif memiliki risiko sedikit lebih rendah, yaitu 16,5%.15,16
Penderita diberikan tatalaksana secara non-medikamentosa dan medikamentosa. Penatalaksanaan non medikamentosa antara lain tirah baring, puasa hingga perdarahan berhenti, dan diet cair. Penatalaksanaan medikamentosa dengan cairan infus Ringer Laktat (RL) 20 tetes/menit, dilakukan pemasangan nasogastric tube (NGT), omeprazole tablet 2x40 mg, transfusi sampai dengan kadar Hb 10 mg/dl.
Pemasangan NGT dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi perdarahan yang sedang berlangsung melalui aspirat yang keluar melalui NGT. Perdarahan yang tidak aktif ditandai dengan aspirat berwarna putih keruh, sedangkan perdarahan aktif ditandai dengan aspirat merah marun. Namun, 30% perdarahan ulkus duodeni memiliki aspirat
…show more content…
Obat golongan PPI mengurangi sekresi asam lambung dengan menghambat enzim H+, K+, Adenosine Triphosphatase (ATPase) yang merupakan enzim pemompa proton. Dengan cara kerja secara selektif pada sel-sel parietal. Enzim pompa proton bekerja memecah KH+ ATP yang kemudian akan menghasilkan energi yang digunakan untuk mengeluarkan asam dari kanalikuli sel parietal ke dalam lumen lambung. Ikatan antara bentuk aktif obat dengan gugus sulfhidril dari enzim ini yang menyebabkan terjadinya penghambatan terhadap kerja enzim. Kemudian dilanjutkan dengan terhentinya produksi asam lambung.17-20.
Pada pasien juga diberikan transfusi sebagai terapi terhadap anemia yang dialami hingga kadar Hb mencapai 10 mg/dl. Pemberian tranfusi bertujuan untuk mencegah terjadinya kegagalan sirkulasi dan mencukupi suplai oksigen ke jaringan.21,22 Indikasi pemberian transfusi konsentrat sel darah merah jika terjadi anemia akut lebih dari 30-40%.23 Pada pasien ini terjadi penurunan Hb mencapai lebih dari 50% dari kadar normal sehingga pemberian transfusi merupakan tindakan yang

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