During the eighteenth century the Ottoman Empire lost much of its power to provincial governors, escalating many new encounters of reform. To justify or deny such climatic choices of reform called for a time of war. Following times of war were times of recovery; however, some empires could not withhold such responsibilities and fell through the cracks of their own broken establishment.…
13. What groups were formed as a result of the Ottoman Empire’s reforms and what did each group advocate?…
1. The period of crisis led to significant changes in Ottoman institutions. The affairs of government were now in the hands of chief administrators, the devshirme was discontinued, and the Janissaries became a hereditary elite who spent more time on crafts and trade than on military training.…
* Coup 1908: Ottoman Society for Union and Progress (Young Turks) fought for return to 1976 constitution, Sultan remained as figurehead.…
The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid ErasA. 3rd Abbasid caliph = al-Mahdia. Courtly excesses > financial drain I. taste for luxury/monumental buildingsii. surrounded self with wives, concubines, courtiersb. Political divisionsI. continued Shi’a revolts and assassinationsc. Problem of successionI. Son/successor poisoned1. Harun al-Rashid (786-809)a. most famousb. enduringB. Imperial Extravagance and Succession Disputes a. Extravagance amazed visitorsI. Charlemagne impressed by mosques, palaces, treasuresii. The Thousand and One Nightsb. Luxury and palace intrigue/manipulationsI. Throne at 23 – growing power of royal advisorsii. signaled shift in power – court advisors now more importantc. Now also power struggles between court factionsI. Death of Harun al-Rashid led to civil warii. winning son had huge army1. started precedent of having “bodyguards”2. mercenary forces could reach 70,000d. Power shift now to militaryI. Between military and court, assassinations quite commonC. Imperial Breakdown and Agrarian Disordera.Caliphs try to move capitals away from Baghdad – kind of like VersaillesI. Very expensiveii. Cost of new palaces/capitals plus mercenary force = high taxesiii. Peasant revolts caused fromiv. taxation1. pillaging2. Shi’a “encouragement”3. The Declining Position of Women in the Family and Societya. Remember Islamic world initially quite open to egalitarian treatment of womenb. Harem – women kept in seclusionI. creation…
The Ottoman Empire lasted for more than four centuries (1299-1922), and was not dismantled until the end of the World War I (Gelvin, 9). The Ottoman Empire governed a vast amount of territory from the Middle East, North Africa and even parts of Europe (Gelvin, 10). The Ottoman and Safavid Empires overlapped and had many similarities, but the Ottomans were more successful in maintaining a strong empire. The Safavids were successful until the interregnum period that brought Persia war, depopulation, famine and de-urbanization (Gelvin, 10). These factors brought the Safavid Empire to an end, even as…
Lasting more than six centuries, this Empire was one of the longest, best organized, and most enduring political entities in world history.…
From the 1800’s to present day, the Middle East has undergone many changes and continuities causing formation of their national identity, main factors that contributed were social aspects on society, government structure, and the strong religious roots they possess. The majority of changes occurred through the society aspects with the treatment of women and the discovery of oil. In Middle Eastern history women have had limited rights and have always been unequal to men. Women have always remained very conservative; being sheltered from other men not being able to go in public being covered from head to toe. The discovery of oil has also created many opportunities for the Middle East giving them a national identity and increasing economy. Their religion and government mostly continued to stay the same. They maintained to have Islam as their dominant religion throughout most of Middle Eastern history. Small changes occurred but never enough to overthrow their well known strong religious roots. In the earlier years of the 1800s to present day, the Middle East has had a moderately oppressive government where citizens had little to no power. Recently citizens have started revolts and revolutions, over throwing the government and are starting to become more democratic.…
Many empires have come and gone. They rise to great power and then after they fall we can analyze the reasons for the decline of the empires. Yang Lian and Mehmed Pasha both wrote about the decline of their societies. The Ming Empire and society were impacted by invading forces and dealt with rebellion from within its own country as well and the Ottoman Empire encountered financial issues within itself. All of which were reasons and causes for the empire's declines and falls.…
The Ottoman and Persian empires faced formidable challenges attempting to maintain military and economic parity with the West throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. The Middle Eastern empires attempted to meet these challenges through the implementation of defensive developmentalism policies, with better-equipped armies, bureaucratic government and involvement in key markets.…
This excerpt correlates with the main topic of this essay, by explaining the role of clothing in an Islamic society. She also links this excerpt by expressing the powerless and guilty feelings she felt when the officer reproach her. There she was a women, yet she felt “…like a child.” Because of the societal rules and expectations that where being demanded of…
4. In the view of the Ottomans, the sultan supplied justice and defense for the common people (the raya),…
The empire began to disintegrate as the Ottomans lost battle after battle, and the Serbs, Romanians, and Greeks gained their independence. The Arabs in the Middle East and Armenians were all that remained in the Ottoman Empire under the rule of Sultan Abdul Hamid. Since the empire was in decline, young Armenian people gradually began to demand political reforms, a constitutional government, and an end to discriminatory taxes directed at Armenians because of their Christian beliefs. The Sultan ignored their pleas and the young Armenians were persecuted. Years later, an organization called the Young Turks eventually altered the future of the Armenian people because of their vicious acts against them in the form of a genocide.…
In the late eighteenth century the Tanzimat era was taking place, the purpose for the Tanzimat era was to reorganize the Ottoman Empire. The Tanzimat Era presented two fresh reform groups that were incorporated with the Ottoman Empire to rearrange the formation of its administration and culture. These tasks were shifted onto the administrative officials of the Ottoman Empire and they also intended for the people to follow Ottomanism so that there could be a sluggish drop amongst the ethnic faction that were in the Ottoman Empire. In the 19th century other reforms were put in use such as fixing the economic unsteadiness and placing their attention to the European states. The economic unsteadiness and calamity was produced because of the exaggerated…
Turkey, with both its geographical and historical position, is the closest Islamic country to the West. It is because of this closeness, there is an ongoing interaction between two different cultural heritages. Especially after the establishment of the Turkey republic this interaction gained a pace and gave its name to many aspects of Turkish life style by manipulating deeply. Fashion can strongly be one of these areas that are affected from this interaction causing an immense change on both women and men’s clothing and however significantly on women disguised under veils. That change affected not only their outfit but also their interpretation of life.…