Osteosarcoma

Distant metastases are commonly observed in patients of osteosarcoma with the estimation of about 85% after surgery. Mostly they occur in lungs however it may also metastasizes to other bone and soft tissues. Osteosarcoma is lethal because of pulmonary metastasis with widespread progression that leads to respiratory failure. Tumor invasion and metastasis is multistep complex process in which tumor cells alter cell–extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions at the primary tumor site to invade adjacent tissues and thus translocate through the vasculature to other systems to form secondary tumors there. A family of proteolytic enzymes called MMPs are the key proteases playing an important role in tumor invasion and metastasis by degrading the ECM and basement membrane. MMPs activity
It has been reported that during osteosarcoma cell invasion and migration, several lncRNAs pormote or inhibit cell proliferation and invasion by regulating MMP-2 and MMP-9 secretion. The HOX antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR), a wellknown lncRNA, is involved in the pathogenesis and progression of multiple tumors. HOTAIR is commonly overexpressed in osteosarcoma thus associated with advanced tumor stages, high histological grades, and poor prognoses. Therefore HOTAIR may be an important target in the treatment of human osteosarcoma. It has been reported that the small nucleolar RNA host gene 12 (SNHG12) promotes cell proliferation and migration by upregulating angiomotin (AMOT) gene expression in human Osteosarcoma cells that regulates MMP-2/MMP-9 expression. Mammalian genomes encode numerous natural antisense transcripts that are at least partially complementary to their sense transcripts. FGFR3 antisense transcript 1 (FGFR3- AS1) increased FGFR3 mRNA stability and upregulated FGFR3 expression via antisense pairing with FGFR3 3′-UTR which is associated with large tumor size, metastasis and poor