Organic Chemistry
* Introduction to Organic Chemistry
Understand the basis of drawing organic structures
Depicting 3-D structures in 2-D Most organic compounds have a three-dimensional structure. How do we represent structures on our two-dimensional page? For example, methane is a tetrahedral molecule: Bonds in the plane of the paper: Bonds coming towards the observer: (out of the page) Bonds going away from the observer: (into the page) Representing Organic Structures
Molecular Formula Structural Formula * show all atoms and bonds Condensed Structural Formula * Atoms are shown, bonds are understood * Atoms bonded to a C atom are listed after it Stick Representation Lines represent bonds * 1 line = single bond * 2 lines = double bond * 3 lines = triple bond C atoms are NOT shown * Assumed at intersection of two or more bonds * Assumed at end of each bond H atoms bonded to C are NOT shown * Assumed from the valence of C All heteroatoms are shown H atoms bonded to heteroatoms ARE shown Remember when drawing neutral organic compounds… * C has a valence of 4 (4 bonds, no lone pairs) * N has a valence of 3 (3 bonds, 1 lone pair) * has a valence of 2 (2 bonds, 2 lone pairs) * X (halogens = F, Cl, Br, I) have a valence of 1 (1 bond, 3 lone pairs)
Convert between a condensed molecular formula and a skeletal or line structure
Determine the formula of a molecule from its skeletal representation
Table Above
Identify the functional groups in a molecule An organic compound can be viewed as a skeleton of carbon-carbon single bonds with "functional groups"
Understand the basis of drawing organic structures
Depicting 3-D structures in 2-D Most organic compounds have a three-dimensional structure. How do we represent structures on our two-dimensional page? For example, methane is a tetrahedral molecule: Bonds in the plane of the paper: Bonds coming towards the observer: (out of the page) Bonds going away from the observer: (into the page) Representing Organic Structures
Molecular Formula Structural Formula * show all atoms and bonds Condensed Structural Formula * Atoms are shown, bonds are understood * Atoms bonded to a C atom are listed after it Stick Representation Lines represent bonds * 1 line = single bond * 2 lines = double bond * 3 lines = triple bond C atoms are NOT shown * Assumed at intersection of two or more bonds * Assumed at end of each bond H atoms bonded to C are NOT shown * Assumed from the valence of C All heteroatoms are shown H atoms bonded to heteroatoms ARE shown Remember when drawing neutral organic compounds… * C has a valence of 4 (4 bonds, no lone pairs) * N has a valence of 3 (3 bonds, 1 lone pair) * has a valence of 2 (2 bonds, 2 lone pairs) * X (halogens = F, Cl, Br, I) have a valence of 1 (1 bond, 3 lone pairs)
Convert between a condensed molecular formula and a skeletal or line structure
Determine the formula of a molecule from its skeletal representation
Table Above
Identify the functional groups in a molecule An organic compound can be viewed as a skeleton of carbon-carbon single bonds with "functional groups"