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Describe etiology, pathophysiology, signs/symptoms, and nursing care of a client experiencing stress.
Etiology of Stress: Situational Factors: Situational stress arises from personal or family job changes or relocation. Stressful job changes include: downsizing, transfers, promotions, restructuring, changes in supervisors, and additional responsibilities. Adjusting to chronic illnesses can make one feel stressed. Common diseases such as obesity, hypertension, diabetes, depression, asthma, and coronary artery disease can provoke stress. Maturational Factors: Stressors vary with life stage. Children identify stressors related to their physical appearance, their families, their friends, and school. Preadolescents express stress related to self- esteem issues, changing family structure as a result of divorce or death of a parent, or hospitalizations. As adolescents search for their identity with peer groups and separate from their families, they experience stress. Peer pressure is also a stressor in this stage. Stress for adults centers around major changes in life circumstances such as beginning a family and career, losing parents, seeing children leave home, and accepting physical aging. In old age, stressors include the loss of autonomy and mastery resulting from general frailty or health problems that limit stamina, strength, and cognition. FOCUS ON OLDER ADULTS: Understanding Differences in Stress and Coping Among Older Adults (37-7)
- Ordinary hassles of day-to-day living are a source of stress; older people have more hassles with home maintenance and health than do younger people.
- Older adults use more passive, intrapersonal, emotion-focused forms of coping such as distancing, humor, accepting responsibility, and reappraising the stressor in a positive way
- Life experiences and perspectives of older adults make most problems seem insignificant, and many older adults
Etiology of Stress: Situational Factors: Situational stress arises from personal or family job changes or relocation. Stressful job changes include: downsizing, transfers, promotions, restructuring, changes in supervisors, and additional responsibilities. Adjusting to chronic illnesses can make one feel stressed. Common diseases such as obesity, hypertension, diabetes, depression, asthma, and coronary artery disease can provoke stress. Maturational Factors: Stressors vary with life stage. Children identify stressors related to their physical appearance, their families, their friends, and school. Preadolescents express stress related to self- esteem issues, changing family structure as a result of divorce or death of a parent, or hospitalizations. As adolescents search for their identity with peer groups and separate from their families, they experience stress. Peer pressure is also a stressor in this stage. Stress for adults centers around major changes in life circumstances such as beginning a family and career, losing parents, seeing children leave home, and accepting physical aging. In old age, stressors include the loss of autonomy and mastery resulting from general frailty or health problems that limit stamina, strength, and cognition. FOCUS ON OLDER ADULTS: Understanding Differences in Stress and Coping Among Older Adults (37-7)
- Ordinary hassles of day-to-day living are a source of stress; older people have more hassles with home maintenance and health than do younger people.
- Older adults use more passive, intrapersonal, emotion-focused forms of coping such as distancing, humor, accepting responsibility, and reappraising the stressor in a positive way
- Life experiences and perspectives of older adults make most problems seem insignificant, and many older adults