Preview

Normal Cell Division

Good Essays
Open Document
Open Document
366 Words
Grammar
Grammar
Plagiarism
Plagiarism
Writing
Writing
Score
Score
Normal Cell Division
There are quite a few variations between normal and tumor cell division. Normal cell division can be broken into four phases: G1, S, G2, and M. During the G1 phase, RNAs are produced, proteins are synthesized and through the P53 gene (also known as the “Guardian of the Genome”), cells are checked for damage and those that are found are forced to go through apoptosis where the cells are forced to “commit suicide” to prevent replication. Through the S phase, the DNA is duplicated and in the G2 phase, proteins are synthesized once more and the P53 gene checks again for mutations in the DNA. Finally during the M phase, the cell splits into two daughter cells through mitosis, matures and the cycle starts once more. Reproduction of cells is caused through cyclins, estrogen, TGF-alpha, and prot-oncogenes. Cylcins are molecules that tell a cell when to enter mitosis. Estrogen allows certain mammary cells to enter the cell cycle and finally the TGF-Alpha, also known as the transforming growth factor alpha, is locally produced in the breast and tells cells when to divide. Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that code for the “go” signal in cell proteins. All four factors affect cell …show more content…
Because the TGF-Alpha is a protein, when the Proto-oncogenes become damaged, the TGF-alpha will also lead to increased cell division. If the P53 is damaged, the body does not recognize that the cell is damaged, meaning that it can be reproduced. P53 damage is the most common mutation found in breast cancer. Normal cells produce cell adhesion proteins, such as Cadherins and integrins, which bind cells together. As a tumor develops, the production of these proteins decrees. In more advanced tumors, cells break away from their neighboring cells and enter into the blood stream. When a tumorous cell has entered into the blood stream, it becomes

You May Also Find These Documents Helpful

  • Good Essays

    Mitosis and Meiosis

    • 1979 Words
    • 8 Pages

    All cells in your body complete a cell cycle in which they grow, divide and, eventually, die. The cell cycle consists of four phases: G1, S, G2, and M (Figure 1). Each phase is associated with a specific cellular function: typically growth, synthesis, and division. The G1, S, and G2 phases comprise a larger phase called interphase. During interphase, the cell grows and synthesizes (replicates) DNA in preparation for division. The G1 phase, also called Gap 1, is the first phase of interphase. During G1, the cell increases in size. The S phase, also called the synthesis phase, follows G1. During S phase, the cell synthesizes DNA. Each chromosome is now comprised of two identical sister chromatids as a result of DNA synthesis. The G2 phase, also called Gap 2, follows the S phase. During G2, the cell once again increases in size and produces proteins necessary for Mitosis. After G2, the cell is ready to begin the next phase in its life cycle, the mitotic phase.…

    • 1979 Words
    • 8 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    Proto-oncogenes make cell cycle promoting factors abnormally when they are damaged via radiation (uv) or chemical carcinogen ( asbestos). These genes are important for regular functioning of the body. However they cause problem when they are produced in large quantities. Even if these gene start producing many promoting factor usually immune system keeps their products in check. However when immune system…

    • 652 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    Nt1310 Unit 1 Assignment

    • 579 Words
    • 3 Pages

    1. Cancer is a group of diseases in which cells grows and divide out of control, it is caused by a change in DNA that controls the cell cycle. This DNA change causes for cells not to stay in interphase for the normal amount of time, and some of the checkpoints fail and cause the cells to divide uncontrollably. The uncontrollable division rate can create a massive group of cells called a tumour. The cells of the tumour may stay together and have no other effect on the tissues around it, this is known as a benign tumour. There is also a tumour known as a malignant tumour, which causes interference with functioning of neighbouring cells and tissues. Malignant tumours could even destroy surrounding tissues, but malignant…

    • 579 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    Cells Cell

    • 543 Words
    • 3 Pages

    Cell division occurs when cells are dividing in order to produce new cells. I have compared the differences between cancer and good cell division to find out the process of division of all cells, this is also when I found that there are different more complicated chromosomes in cancer cells. One of the main problems with cancer cells comparing is the chance of tumor formation which leads to the invasion of cancerous cells. Another consequence is the cancer spreading to other organs. A tumor consists of a mass of cancer cells in the tissue. Usually an evasive tumor is malignant, causing cells to develop in the blood. Tumors invade growth that the tissue and organs need to survive.…

    • 543 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    Mitosis and Cell

    • 472 Words
    • 2 Pages

    Puppies increase in size as their cells grow and divide. Almost all cells complete a full cell cycle that includes interphase and cell division. In interphase, cells serve their specialized functions, grow, and copy their genetic material. Mitosis is the first stage of cell division, in which the copied chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei. Then in cytokinesis the cell divides into two daughter cells. If no mutations or errors occur, the genetic material in each daughter cell is identical to what was in the original cell.…

    • 472 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Better Essays

    Despite advances in treatment and care the public continues to have a great deal of anxiety and fear when diagnosed with cancer. Partially because people do not understand what having cancer means. Every living organism is made up of cells. These cells divide at a controlled rate with a specific function and multiply to replace damaged cells. While cancer cells grow and multiply with no control, destroying healthy cells in its’ path, and ultimately invading parts of the body inhibiting its’ function. Biologists have labeled cancer cells as any invading cell that can control proliferation and differentiation. Proliferation is the lifecycle of normal cells, to include regeneration of new cells as cells die. One of the phenomenon’s of normal proliferation is that the cells remain in their territory and do not inhibit cellular growth to surrounding cell membranes (Lewis, 2007). Differentiation is when a stem cell is coded to perform a specific function and under normal conditions these cells are unable to change their function. However, cancer is able to alter these naturally occurring processes. Cancer begins are a mutation in replicating DNA, either by genetics or a chemical, radiation, or viral exposure. The mutated DNA then starts proliferation and develop mutated…

    • 1681 Words
    • 49 Pages
    Better Essays
  • Good Essays

    Cell Reproduction

    • 543 Words
    • 3 Pages

    The mitotic index was brought up as diction in the lab. According to the reference in the lab, the mitotic index is the ratio of dividing cells to the total number of cells in the sample. Tissues that are cancerous have a higher mitotic index than that of normal tissues. This is due to the fact that cancerous cells have an uncontrollable reproduction rate which allows for quicker division among the cells. For example the amount of cells shown in…

    • 543 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Next, Normal cells stop growing reproducing when enough cells are present. Like for example, if cells are being produced to repair a cut in the skin, when the repair work is done, cells are no longer reproduced to fill in the hole. In contrast, cancer cells don’t stop growing when there are enough cells present. The continued growth often results in a tumor (a cluster of cancer cells) being formed. Each gene in the body carries a blueprint that codes for a different protein, Some of these proteins are growth factors, chemicals that tell cells to grow and divide.…

    • 439 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Long times ago, even during the 19th century, scientist all over the world had started to find the cure for cancer, one of the most feared disease you can ever imagine, simply because you don’t know what the cause and how to turn it off. Cancer started off with something very simple- when they cannot stop dividing. Normally, a healthy cell, when they are matured and ready to divide, will send some kind of information to the neighboring cells that it is going to undergo mitosis- a process of cell division and completed in different stage. In every stage, there will be a checkpoint where the cells are going to be self-examined and in order to pass the checkpoint; they have to be in the completely good condition. The responsible gene to destroy or recycle the damaged cells at the checkpoint is called the tumor suppressor genes. There are many known tumor suppressor genes; the first one discovered by human is Retinoblastoma but the most renowned one is p53. In the damaged cells, however, the tumor suppressor genes are turned off by mutation, which may change, add or delete some of the alleles in the genes, as a result, the gene cannot function in proper manner. In the absence of the tumor suppressor genes, damaged cells can proceed to the next step in mitosis and divide uncontrollably. When the damaged cells divided successfully, the process is repeated in the every daughter cell over and over again and these cells will form a lump of tissue called tumor. The overgrowing of tumor…

    • 1773 Words
    • 8 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    Pathophysiology, Cancer

    • 1217 Words
    • 5 Pages

    Normal cells are governed by the body systems and have limited life spans but eventually cease growing and dividing then die. Cancer cells are usually immortal, having an unlimited lifespan, constantly growing and dividing. Cancer cells experience anaplasia, the absence of differentiation, causing disorganization in size and shape, mutating them from the normal cells of the body. Cancer can grow rapidly or slowly, progressing from normal cell tissue to neoplasm. Cancer forms a sequence of cellular and tissue changes progressing from dysplasia to carcinoma in situ and then to invasive cancer. Presence of anaplastic cells and loss of normal tissue architecture signify the development of cancer. This progression is easily seen in the squamous epithelium. The high rate of cell division, local mutagens, and inflammatory mediators all contribute to the accumulation of genetic abnormalities that lead to cancer. The mutation of these cells can happen at a chromosomal or genetic level and once it happens it can continuously happen as that originally mutated cell divides (cancer stem cell), making other cells…

    • 1217 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Good Essays

    Tumor Suppressor genes - They specify proteins that directly and indirectly inhibit the cell cycle…

    • 352 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    Cell Cycle

    • 2485 Words
    • 10 Pages

    The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication that produces two daughter cells. In cells without a nucleus, the cell cycle occurs via a process termed binary fission. In cells with a nucleus, the cell cycle can be divided in three periods: interphase—during which the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis preparing it for cell division and duplicating its DNA—and the mitotic phase, during which the cell splits itself into two distinct cells, often called "daughter cells" and the final phase, cytokinesis, where the new cell is completely divided. The cell-division cycle is a vital process by which a single-celled fertilized egg develops into a mature organism, as well as the process by which hair, skin, blood cells, and some internal organs are renewed.…

    • 2485 Words
    • 10 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Good Essays

    When it comes down to it, all cancer is genetic. It’s a result of mutations or changes in the DNA sequence of our genes. Genes can be looked at as a set of instructions that tell our cells what to do. Our DNA sequence “spells out” our genes into letters. Mutations are basically errors in the “spelling” of our DNA codes. Most mutations, if they’re minor, can be fixed by our own body’s cells. Problems arise when these mutated or damaged cells begin to reproduce without restraint or when these cells suppress normal cellular growth and repair. These “cancer genes” are classified according to their biological function which either encourages cell growth or suppresses cell growth. Proto-oncogenes normally encourage cell growth and proliferation at the appropriate time. However, when they’re mutated, they function as oncogenes and continually signal cellular growth and division. Tumor suppressor genes normally function to halt cellular growth, but when they’ve been mutated they allow cells to proliferate uncontrollably.…

    • 490 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    Tumour suppressor genes normally function to uncontrolled proliferation of cells within the body. They do this through a variety of means, they might prevent inappropriate progression of the cell cycle, or drive already cancerous cells towards apoptosis, and others simply check for errors during replication increasing fidelity (Sherr, 2004). Mutant versions that are present in cancers have lost the function to perform any of these properly. In contrast to oncogenes, tumour suppressor cells generally follow the two hit hypothesis (Knudson, 2001). The hypothesis indicates that two mutations must affect both of the normally dominant tumour suppressor cells before a mutant phenotype is seen. Proto-Oncogenes are usually recessive, hence it only takes a single mutation to one of the alleles (to become dominant as it is a gain of function mutation) before a mutant phenotype is seen. Although, this is not true for all cancers, and sometimes the tumour…

    • 1327 Words
    • 6 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Good Essays

    The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that takes place in a cell leading to its division and duplication (replication). In cells without a nucleus (prokaryotic), the cell cycle occurs via a process termed binary fission. In cells with a nucleus (eukaryotes), the cell cycle can be divided in two brief periods: interphase—during which the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis and duplicating its DNA—and the mitosis (M) phase, during which the cell splits itself into two distinct cells, often called "daughter cells". The cell-division cycle is a vital process by which a single-celled fertilized egg develops into a mature organism, as well as the process by which hair, skin, blood cells, and some internal organs are renewed.…

    • 831 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Good Essays