| The common cold occurs regularly in the United States. The occurrence of this disease is best described as…
These cytokines cause inflammation because they cause vasodilatation which makes blood rush to the injured site.…
White Blood Cells (Leucocytes) Lymphocytes – some secrete antibodies, some kill infected cells and control aspects of immunological process. Monocytes – engulf bacteria. Granulocyte – 3 types; neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, Some engulf bacteria, others involved in allergies and inflammation. Platelets for clotting. Can be sticky.…
4. Explain what is meant by “systemic infection” and “localised infection”? Systemic infection affects the whole body and causes systemic symptoms, like muscle pains, fever and nausea but with Localised infection, it limited to one or few body parts and presents with localised symptoms, like redness, swelling, pain or localised discharge.…
P3 criteria: Outline the gross structure of all the main body systems The reproductive system…
Localized infection is when the whole body is not affected; an infection that is not in the bloodstream. Localized infections can be an infected wound or cut.…
Cytokines are extracellular signaling proteins formed by various cells types in the body. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a proinflammatory cytokine and lymphokine. IL-6 is produced by almost all different types of lung cells including endothelial cells, airway epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and, most notably, alveolar macrophages. IL-6 is thought to play a role in all types of acute lung inflammation through its stimulatory effects on lymphocytes and the acute phase response. Interleukin-8 (IL-8), a CXC chemokine, is an important neutrophil chemoattractant and activator.…
What are the functions of red blood cells? Name one blood cell disease and give a brief explanation the disease.…
not be useful if pathophysiological process is being driven through inflammation. A classification based on…
This defense system is non-specific and non-adaptive. In the second line there are many cells involved such as leukocytes, neutrophils, T helper cells, cytotoxic T-cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, B-cells, and suppressor T-cells. The phagocytes or neutrophil squeeze through the capillary wall and into the infected tissue to engulf and digest offending…
There are four major categories of tissues in the human body. Each of them separate into even smaller groups with specific structures and functions. The four major types are epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and cardiac tissue. They are all necessities of the human body and contribute to many functions our bodies and cells carry out in order to survive. Tissues interact and group together to make up organs which then compose systems and the human body all together.…
Systemic infection – affects a number of organs or tissues or affects the whole body e.g. type 2 diabetes,…
What is the inflammatory response? According to "Definition of Inflammatory Response" (1996-2014), it is “a fundamental type of response by the body to disease and injury, a response characterized by the classical signs of ‘dolor, calor, rubor, and tumor’ -- pain, heat (localized warmth), redness, and swelling.” A very important part of the body’s defense system is inflammation; this is when there is a crucial protective response by the body’s system of self-defense (Definition of Inflammatory Response, 1996-2014). Acute inflammation lasts only a few days, it is short-lived whereas chronic inflammation lasts longer; like weeks, months, and maybe even years. When the inflammatory process is involved in healing and repair it may cause tissue damage. Inflammation can play a role in many disorders; for example Alzheimer’s, asthma, diabetes, osteoporosis, and even HIV/AIDS.…
The human immune system is a collective network of tissues, glands, and organs that work in a coordinated effort with each other to guard our bodies from foreign antigens such as viruses, bacteria, and infection causing microorganisms. For the immune system to work properly, two things must happen: first, the body must recognize that it has been invaded, either by pathogens or toxins or by some other threat. Second, the immune response must be activated quickly, before the invaders destroy many body tissue cells. For the immune system to respond effectively, several conditions must be in order, including the proper interaction of non-specific and specific defenses. The nonspecific defenses on the skin do not identify the antigen (a substance able to manipulate an immune response or reaction) that is attacking or potentially attacking the body; instead, these defenses simply react to the presence of what it identifies as something foreign. Often, the nonspecific defenses effectively destroy microorganisms, but if these defenses prove to be ineffective and the microorganisms manage to infect tissues, the specific defenses go into action. The specific defenses function by locating the antigen in question and mounting a response that targets it for destruction.…
Define the terms anatomy and physiology. Explain the principle of complementarity and how it applies to this course.…