metabollic pathways
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Metabolic Pathways of Drugs The principal site for drug metabolism in the human body is the liver organ. The process of metabolism usually inactivates drugs though some drug metabolites are pharmacologically in active status. Inactive substance which has a metabolite that is active is referred to as a prodrug. Drugs are metabolized by the following processes; reduction, oxidation, conjugation, hydration, hydrolysis, condensation and isomerization. All these processes make the excretion of drugs easier from the body like that of a human being. For metabolism to occur, enzymes must be present. Enzymes are present in body tissues but they are concentrated in the liver. Rates of drug metabolism vary from a patient to another. This is brought about by differences in genetic factors, co-existing disorders and the drug interactions. In many cases of drugs, metabolism occurs in two phases. The phase (I) reactions normally involve the formation of a new functional group. The phase (II) reactions involve the conjugation with a substance that is endogenous such as an acid, sulfate. The reactions in phase (II) are synthetic in nature. Metabolites from synthetic reactions are readily excreted by the kidneys and liver organs. The rate of Metabolism increases with the drug concentration increase. There are two types of metabolism, catabolism and anabolism. In anabolism, energy is directed towards the synthesis of cellular components from small molecules. In catabolism, large molecules are broken down to produce energy. In this paper, I have discussed the metabolism of various drugs, the pathways involved during metabolism and the metabolites of all the discussed drugs as well as the types of metabolism involved.
Amphetamines. The first process is the deamination that is
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Metabolic Pathways of Drugs The principal site for drug metabolism in the human body is the liver organ. The process of metabolism usually inactivates drugs though some drug metabolites are pharmacologically in active status. Inactive substance which has a metabolite that is active is referred to as a prodrug. Drugs are metabolized by the following processes; reduction, oxidation, conjugation, hydration, hydrolysis, condensation and isomerization. All these processes make the excretion of drugs easier from the body like that of a human being. For metabolism to occur, enzymes must be present. Enzymes are present in body tissues but they are concentrated in the liver. Rates of drug metabolism vary from a patient to another. This is brought about by differences in genetic factors, co-existing disorders and the drug interactions. In many cases of drugs, metabolism occurs in two phases. The phase (I) reactions normally involve the formation of a new functional group. The phase (II) reactions involve the conjugation with a substance that is endogenous such as an acid, sulfate. The reactions in phase (II) are synthetic in nature. Metabolites from synthetic reactions are readily excreted by the kidneys and liver organs. The rate of Metabolism increases with the drug concentration increase. There are two types of metabolism, catabolism and anabolism. In anabolism, energy is directed towards the synthesis of cellular components from small molecules. In catabolism, large molecules are broken down to produce energy. In this paper, I have discussed the metabolism of various drugs, the pathways involved during metabolism and the metabolites of all the discussed drugs as well as the types of metabolism involved.
Amphetamines. The first process is the deamination that is
References: Anzenbacher, Pavel, and Ulrich M. Zanger. Metabolism of Drugs and Other Xenobiotics. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-VCH, 2012. Internet resource.