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The exchange theory
The exchange theory also affects cohesion of the group as the general tendencies emerge. The exchange effect begins as soon as a group is formed, but it takes a while for members to come up with a cost-benefit exchange analysis for themselves in the group. So the effect will not play a big part in the group dynamics until about midlife of the group. In a group, each member will mentally tabulate the rewards and costs to themselves in the areas of material things, social rewards, prestige, esteem, accomplishment of the job and recognition. If the plusses are more than the minuses, then the member will stay and add to the cohesiveness of teamwork and the group. If the negatives are greater than the positives, then the member will either become a point of non-cohesion in the group or will leave. If the member leaves, then, by the assembly effect, the group will still struggle with cohesion because the whole new order of assembly will then occur.
Symbolic Convergence Theory
The second general theory of group dynamics that Borman describes is the symbolic Convergence Theory. It runs parallel with Emergence theory in that it happens at the same time emergence is happening. Borman describes this theory as the one in which people are story tellers who share fantasies. As group members talk together and members find they have an experience in common, they begin to chime in and add to the story. This is called chaining or sharing and the more of it that happens within a group, the more cohesiveness there is in the group.
In the process of multiple fantasies, a group begins to form its own culture and its own symbols. That forming is called symbolic convergence. As layer upon layer of shared fantasies are formed, cohesiveness is created, internal communication is generated, roles begin to emerge, and group norms are established to converge into a whole culture.
Special Theories
We can look at the general theories of emergence and